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Thortveitite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Thortveitite (172)Recorded Ages and Analyses Discuss Thortveitite

Thortveitite Gallery Search Photos of Thortveitite

Edit Thortveitite Add Synonym Edit CIF structures Clear Cache

Thortveitite

Knipan, Ljosland, Iveland, Agder, Norway

Thortveitite

Trimouns Talc Mine, Luzenac, Foix, Ariège, Occitanie, France

Thortveitite

Landsverk 3 Feldspar Quarry, Landsverk, Evje og Hornnes, Agder, Norway

Thortveitite

Knipan, Ljosland, Iveland, Agder, Norway

Thortveitite

Trimouns Talc Mine, Luzenac, Foix, Ariège, Occitanie, France

Thortveitite

Landsverk 3 Feldspar Quarry, Landsverk, Evje og Hornnes, Agder, Norway

Thortveitite

Knipan, Ljosland, Iveland, Agder, Norway

Thortveitite

Trimouns Talc Mine, Luzenac, Foix, Ariège, Occitanie, France

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About ThortveititeHide

Gunder O. O. Thortveit

Formula:

Sc₂Si₂O₇

Often contains Y (and minor HREE) replacing Sc.

Colour:

Greyish-green, black, grey, blue, yellow, brown

Lustre:

Vitreous, Dull

Hardness:

6 - 7

Specific Gravity:

3.27 - 3.58

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Member of:

Thortveitite Group

Name:

Named in 1911 by Jakob Grubbe Cock Schetelig in honour of Gunder Olaus Olsen Thortveit (1 October 1872, Thortveit, Iveland, Aust-Agder, Norway - 15 June 1917, Rossås, Iveland, Aust-Agder, Norway), feldspar and mineral exporter from Iveland, Norway.

The mineral was first found in 1903 by the Norwegian geologist Per (Peder) Elisæus Schei (1875–1905) in Beryllbruddet (The Beryl Quarry)", Landsverk, Evje, Norway, but the sample was labelled by him as "epidote". Later, in 1910, Olaus Thortveit sent some samples of the mineral from another locality, from a quarry at Ljosland, Iveland, Norway to Professor Schetelig who recognized it as a new mineral.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Ljosland 04 (Thortveitittgruva), Knipan (Knipane), Ljosland, Iveland, Agder, Norway

This page provides mineralogical data about Thortveitite.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

3950

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:3950:1

IMA Classification of ThortveititeHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

First published:

1911

Type description reference:

Schetelig, Jakob (1911) Über Thortveitit, ein neues Mineral. Vorläufige Mitteilung. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, 1911. 721-726

Classification of ThortveititeHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

9.BC.05

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
C : Si₂O₇ groups, without non-tetrahedral anions; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination

Dana 8th ed.:

55.2.1a.4

55 : SOROSILICATES Si₂O₇ Groups,Generally with no Additional Anions
2 : Si₂O₇ Groups, Generally with no Additional Anions with cations in [6] coordination

Hey's CIM Ref.:

14.8.5

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
8 : Silicates of Group III metals other than Al

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Tvt	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of ThortveititeHide

Lustre:

Vitreous, Dull

Transparency:

Translucent, Opaque

Colour:

Greyish-green, black, grey, blue, yellow, brown

Streak:

White

Hardness:

6 - 7 on Mohs scale

Tenacity:

Brittle

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal

Density:

3.27 - 3.58 g/cm³ (Measured) 3.32 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of ThortveititeHide

Type:

Biaxial (-)

RI values:

n_α = 1.756 n_β = 1.793 n_γ = 1.809

2V:

Measured: 65° , Calculated: 64°

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.053
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Thickness: 30 µm Order divisions

Rotation:

Surface Relief:

Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.

Focus:

In focus

Interference Figure:

This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure - the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are isogyres.

Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.

Thickness: 30 µm

Stage rotation: 0°

Dispersion:

distinct to strong

Optical Extinction:

X ∧ c = 5°.

Pleochroism:

Visible

Comments:

X = deep green; Y = Z = brownish yellow in thick grains.

Comments:

Absorption: X >= Y = Z.

Chemistry of ThortveititeHide

Mindat Formula:

Sc₂Si₂O₇

Often contains Y (and minor HREE) replacing Sc.

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
O	43.396 %
Sc	34.839 %
Si	21.765 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

O, Sc, Si - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Zr,Hf,Al,Fe,Mn,Mg,Ca,Ce,TR

Chemical AnalysisHide

Oxide wt%:

	1	2	3	4	5	6
SiO₂	44.13 %	45.79 %	44.36 %	37.59 %	46.21 %	44.60 %
Sc₂O₃	41.76 %	34.32 %	46.76 %	25.01 %	48.94 %	47.66 %
ZrO₂	9.96 %			2.28 %
Fe₂O₃	2.20 %	2.95 %	0.99 %	2.06 %	1.57 %
Al₂O₃	2.62 %	4.95 %	0.04 %	0.61 %		0.81 %
MgO		0.17 %		0.26 %		0.06 %
MnO		0.53 %	1.74 %	0.67 %		0.03 %
ThO₂		0.09 %
La₂O₃ etc.		1.48 %
Y₂O₃ etc		9.52 %
TiO₂		0.01 %				0.30 %
U₂O₃		0.00 %
CaO		0.24 %	0.11 %	0.19 %		0.10 %
H₂O		0.07 %
Y₂O₃			1.78 %	17.73 %	1.94 %
SnO₂			3.64 %
Dy₂O₃				1.38 %	0.35 %
Er₂O₃				1.65 %	0.33 %
Tm₂O₃				0.54 %	0.07 %
Yb₂O₃				7.01 %	0.74 %
Lu₂O₃				1.68 %	0.23 %
HfO₂				0.55 %
Ce₂O₃					0.26 %
Gd₂O₃					0.05 %
FeO						1.48 %
Na₂O						0.03 %
K₂O						0.18 %
P₂O₅						0.03 %
Total:	100.67 %	100.12 %	99.42 %	99.21 %	100.69 %	95.28 %

Sample references:

ID	Locality	Reference	Notes
1	Befanamo pegmatite, Beronono Commune, Anjozorobe District, Analamanga, Madagascar	Lacroix, Alfred (1922) Minéralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. Augustin Challamel. 624 pp.	Sample found by Rasamoel in 1918 and examined and described by Lacroix (1922)
2	Eptevatnet 02 Thortveitite Quarry, Iveland, Agder, Norway	Marble, John Putnam, Glass, Jewell J. (1942) Some new data on thortveitite. American Mineralogist, 27 (10) 696-698
3	Heftetjern pegmatite, Tørdal, Drangedal, Telemark, Norway	Raade, Gunnar, Bernhard, Franz, Ottolini, Luisa (2004) Replacement textures involving four scandium silicate minerals in the Heftetjern granitic pegmatite, Norway. European Journal of Mineralogy, 16 (6) 945-950 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2004/0016-0945	Electron-microprobe
4	Iveland, Agder, Norway	Bianchi, Riccardo, Pilati, Tullio, Diella, Valeria, Gramacciou, Carlo Maria, Mannucci, Gregorio (1988) A re-examination of thortveitite. American Mineralogist, 73 (5-6) 601-607
5	Kola Peninsula, Murmansk Oblast, Russia	Voloshin et al (1991) Scandium mineralization and the first find of thortveitite Sc2Si2O7 in granitic pegmatites of the Kola peninsula. Dokl. Acak. Naul, SSSR, 318: 972-976 (in Russian).
6	Crystal Mountain Fluorspar Mine, Sapphire Mountains Area, Ravalli County, Montana, USA	Foord, E. E., Birmingham, S. D., Demartin, F., Pilati, T., Gramaccioli, C. M., Lichte, F. E. (1993) Thortveitite and associated Sc-bearing minerals from Ravalli County, Montana. The Canadian Mineralogist, 31 (2) 337-346 doi:10.3749/1499-1276-31.2.337

Crystallography of ThortveititeHide

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Class (H-M):

2/m - Prismatic

Space Group:

B2/m

Setting:

C2/m

Cell Parameters:

a = 6.65 Å, b = 8.61 Å, c = 4.68 Å
β = 102.2°

Ratio:

a:b:c = 0.772 : 1 : 0.544

Unit Cell V:

261.91 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Twinning:

Common: twinning axis normal to (110), twinning plane (110).

Crystal StructureHide

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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Temp (K)
0001163	Thortveitite	Bianchi R, Pilati T, Diella V, Gamaccioli C M, Mannucci G (1988) A re-examination of thortveitite Sample 4 from Malagasy Republic American Mineralogist 73 601-607	1988	293
0001162	Thortveitite	Bianchi R, Pilati T, Diella V, Gamaccioli C M, Mannucci G (1988) A re-examination of thortveitite Sample 3 from Flat, Evje American Mineralogist 73 601-607	1988	293
0001161	Thortveitite	Bianchi R, Pilati T, Diella V, Gamaccioli C M, Mannucci G (1988) A re-examination of thortveitite Sample 2 from Setesdalen American Mineralogist 73 601-607	1988	293
0001160	Thortveitite	Bianchi R, Pilati T, Diella V, Gamaccioli C M, Mannucci G (1988) A re-examination of thortveitite Sample 1 from Iveland American Mineralogist 73 601-607	1988	293
0018032	Thortveitite	Zachariasen W (1930) The structure of thortveitite, Sc2 Si O7 _cod_database_code 1011147 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 73 1-6	1930	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Thortveitite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Bianchi R'
'Pilati T'
'Diella V'
'Gamaccioli C M'
'Mannucci G'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 73 
_journal_year 1988
_journal_page_first 601
_journal_page_last 607
_publ_section_title
;
 A re-examination of thortveitite
 Sample 4 from Malagasy Republic
;
_database_code_amcsd 0001163
_chemical_formula_sum '(Sc1.84 Y.16) (Si1.96 Al.04) O7'
_cell_length_a 6.527
_cell_length_b 8.507
_cell_length_c 4.691
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 102.78
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 254.016
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      3.466
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'C 1 2/m 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2+y,z'
  'x,-y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,z'
  '-x,y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
Sc   0.00000   0.30881   0.50000   0.92000
Y   0.00000   0.30881   0.50000   0.08000
Si   0.22319   0.00000  -0.09105   0.98000
Al   0.22319   0.00000  -0.09105   0.02000
O1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   1.00000
O2   0.39182   0.00000   0.22124   1.00000
O3   0.23532   0.15709  -0.28576   1.00000
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Sc 0.00510 0.00540 0.00680 0.00000 0.00050 0.00000
Y 0.00510 0.00540 0.00680 0.00000 0.00050 0.00000
Si 0.00510 0.00630 0.00480 0.00000 0.00030 0.00000
Al 0.00510 0.00630 0.00480 0.00000 0.00030 0.00000
O1 0.00740 0.03690 0.02240 0.00000 0.00740 0.00000
O2 0.00750 0.00740 0.00550 0.00000 -0.00090 0.00000
O3 0.01120 0.00740 0.00840 0.00220 0.00240 0.00240

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
3.14 Å	(100)
2.965 Å	(65)
5.18 Å	(60)
2.596 Å	(50)
3.18 Å	(45)
2.627 Å	(30)
2.200 Å	(25)

Comments:

Tuftane, Norway.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases	4.567-4.561
3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs)	>4.565
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks	>3.0
34 : Complex granite pegmatites

Type Occurrence of ThortveititeHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Ljosland 04 (Thortveitittgruva), Knipan (Knipane), Ljosland, Iveland, Agder, Norway

General Appearance of Type Material:

Crystals to >25 cm long and 4 cm thick. In radial rosettes.

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Mineralogical-Geological Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, number 22340 and 20 other specimens (cotype).

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Granite pegmatite.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Feldspar Group

Quartz

Reference:

Schetelig, Jakob (1911) Über Thortveitit, ein neues Mineral. Vorläufige Mitteilung. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, 1911. 721-726

Other Language Names for ThortveititeHide

Dutch:Thortveitiet

German:Thortveitit

Russian:Тортвейтит

Simplified Chinese:钪钇石

Spanish:Thortveitita

Traditional Chinese:鈧釔石

Varieties of ThortveititeHide

Befanamite

A variety of thortveitite with a higher content of scandium and zirconium and a lower content of yttrium.

First discovered in 1918, in the eluvials of the Befanamo pegmatite, Madagascar by the prospector J. B. Rasamoel. The sample was a 10 x 3 cm fragmen...

Relationship of Thortveitite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Thortveitite Group

Other Members of Thortveitite Group:

Keiviite-(Y)	Y₂Si₂O₇	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Keiviite-(Yb)	Yb₂Si₂O₇	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Yttrialite-(Y)	(Y,Th)₂Si₂O₇	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

20 photos of Thortveitite associated with Quartz	SiO₂
10 photos of Thortveitite associated with Aeschynite-(Y)	Y(TiNb)O₆
10 photos of Thortveitite associated with Euxenite-(Y)	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆
9 photos of Thortveitite associated with Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
9 photos of Thortveitite associated with Xenotime-(Y)	Y(PO₄)
7 photos of Thortveitite associated with Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
5 photos of Thortveitite associated with Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
5 photos of Thortveitite associated with Allanite-(Ce)	(CaCe)(AlAlFe²⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
4 photos of Thortveitite associated with Pyrite	FeS₂
4 photos of Thortveitite associated with Fluorite	CaF₂

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

9.BC.	Anorthoyttrialite-(Y)	Y₄(SiO₄)(Si₃O₁₀)	Tric. 1 : P1
9.BC.	Kozłowskiite	Ca₄(Fe²⁺Sn₃)[Si₂O₇]₂[Si₂O₆OH]₂	Tric. 1
9.BC.05	Yttrialite-(Y)	(Y,Th)₂Si₂O₇	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
9.BC.05	Keiviite-(Y)	Y₂Si₂O₇	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BC.05	Keiviite-(Yb)	Yb₂Si₂O₇	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BC.05	Gittinsite	CaZrSi₂O₇	Mon. 2 : B2
9.BC.10	Parakeldyshite	Na₂ZrSi₂O₇	Tric. 1 : P1
9.BC.10	Keldyshite	(Na,H)₂ZrSi₂O₇	Tric. 1 : P1
9.BC.10	Khibinskite	K₂ZrSi₂O₇	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BC.10	Brunovskyite	NaZrSi₂O₆(OH)	Tric. 1 : P1
9.BC.15	Rankinite	Ca₃Si₂O₇	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
9.BC.20	Barysilite	Pb₈Mn²⁺[Si₂O₇]₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
9.BC.25	Edgarbaileyite	[Hg₂]²⁺₃[Si₂O₇]	Mon.
9.BC.30	Kristiansenite	Ca₄(Sc₂Sn₂)[Si₂O₇]₂[Si₂O₆OH]₂	Tric. 1
9.BC.30	Nybergite	Ca₄Sc₃Sn(Si₂O₇)(Si₂O₆OH)₃	Tric. 1 : P1
9.BC.30	Silesiaite	Ca₄(Fe³⁺₂Sn₂)[Si₂O₇]₂[Si₂O₆OH]₂	Tric. 1
9.BC.35	Percleveite-(Ce)	Ce₂Si₂O₇	Tet. 4 : P4₁
9.BC.35	Percleveite-(La)	La₂Si₂O₇	Tet. 4 : P4₁
9.BC.40	Scottyite	BaCu₂Si₂O₇	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmna

Other InformationHide

Notes:

Powdered material is partially decomposed by concentrated HCl, without gelatinization.

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for ThortveititeHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-3950.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for ThortveititeHide

Reference List:

Schetelig, Jakob (1911) Über Thortveitit, ein neues Mineral. Vorläufige Mitteilung. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, 1911. 721-726

Lacroix, A. (1920) Sur l'existance a Madagascar d'un silicate de scandium et d'yttrium, la thortveitite. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, 171, 421-423.

Schetelig, Jakob (1922) Thortveitite. A silicate of scandium (Sc,Y)2Si207. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 6 (3-4) 233-244

Schetelig, Jakob (1922) Thortveitit, Gadolinit, Kainosit und Orthit, in Die Mineralien der südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge. II. Silikate der seltenen Erde (Y-reihe und Ce-reihe). Videnskapsselskapet i Kristiania Skrifter - I Matematisk-naturvidenskabelig klasse, 1922 (1). 49-138

Wherry, E.T. (1922) New minerals: redefinition of species. American Mineralogist: 7: 194-196.

Neumann, Henrich (1961) The scandium content of some norwegian minerals and the formation of Thortveitite, a reconnaissance survey. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 41 (2-3-4). 197-210

Sakurai, Kin-ichi, Nagashima, Kozo, Kato, Akira (1962) Thortveitite from Kobe, Omiya, Kyoto, Japan. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 35 (11). 1776-1779 doi:10.1246/bcsj.35.1776

Parker, L., Havens, R.G. (1963) Thortveitite associated with fluorite, Ravalli County, Montana. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 475-B: B10-B11.

Horne, J.E.T. (1966) Mineralogical notes. 7. X-ray diffraction data for thortveitite. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 25, 97-99.

Krol. O.F., et al (1969) Thortveitite as an accessory mineral in Permian alaskite granites (Central Kazakhstan) (in Russian) [Consult Chem. Abstr.: 81: 44180r (1971)].

Oftedal, I. (1969) On minor elements in thortveitite. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 49: 77-79

Lee, K.Y. (1970): Some Rare-earth mineral deposits in mainland China. U.S. Geological Survey Bull. 1312-N: N1-N34.

Ross, S.D. (1971) The vibrational spectrum of thortveitite. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy, 27 (9). 1837-1843 doi:10.1016/0584-8539(71)80236-2

Kainov, V.I. (1973): Thortveitite and xenotime from quartz veins of the southern Ural. (in Russian) [Consult Chem Abstr.,81, 27911g (1974)]

Yamada, S., Okamoto, A., Takada, M., Fujiwara, T., Takemura, M. (1980) On the thortveitite, fluocerite, pyroxferroite and the minerals from Isango mine, Oro, Nakagun Kyoto Prefecture. Chigaku Kenkyu [Geoscience Magazine], 31. 205-222

Dowty, Eric (1987) Vibrational interactions of tetrahedra in silicate glasses and crystals. III. Calculations on simple sodium and lithium silicates, thortveitite and rankinite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 14 (6). 542-552 doi:10.1007/bf00308290

Pello, N. (1988) Finland crystals up to 6 cm. (pers. comm. to Roy Kristiansen from Seppo Lahti 1988).

Bianchi, Riccardo, Pilati, Tullio, Diella, Valeria, Gramacciou, Carlo Maria, Mannucci, Gregorio (1988) A re-examination of thortveitite. American Mineralogist, 73 (5-6) 601-607

Voloshin et al (1991) Scandium mineralization and the first find of thortveitite Sc2Si2O7 in granitic pegmatites of the Kola peninsula. Dokl. Acak. Naul, SSSR, 318: 972-976 (in Russian).

Egorov, V.S., et al. (1993) Kumir scandium-rare-earth ore occurrence in Gorno Altai. Izv. Vyssh. Uchbn. Zaved., Geol. Razved.: 2: 43-54.

Yokoyama, K. (1993) Analyses of natural minerals by energy-dispersive spectrometer. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, series C: 19: 115-126 (in Japanese).

Foord, E. E., Birmingham, S. D., Demartin, F., Pilati, T., Gramaccioli, C. M., Lichte, F. E. (1993) Thortveitite and associated Sc-bearing minerals from Ravalli County, Montana. The Canadian Mineralogist, 31 (2) 337-346 doi:10.3749/1499-1276-31.2.337

Zhang, P., Yang, X., Tao, K. (1995) Mineralogy and geology of Rare earths in China. Science Press Beijing. (in English).

Langhof, J. (1996) Thortveitite from granitic NYF pegmatites in Sweden. GFF, 118. 54 doi:10.1080/11035899609546336

Kristiansen, Roy (1997) Thortveititt- et historisk tilbakeblikk og dagens status, in Kongsberg Mineralsymposium 1997. STEIN. Nordisk magasin for populær geologi, 24 (3) 111-115

Kristiansen, Roy (1997) Thortveititt Sc2Si2O7- et historisk tilbakeblikk og dagens status [Thortveitite Sc2Si2O7- a historical review and current status]. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift, 12. 22-25

Gramaccioli, C. M., Diella, V., Demartin, F., Orlandi, P., Campostrini, I. (2000) Cesian bazzite and thortveitite from Cuasso al Monte, Varese, Italy: A comparison with the material from Baveno, and inferred origin. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38 (6) 1409-1418 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.38.6.1409

(2001) Thortveitite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Kolitsch, U., Tillmanns, E. (2003) The crystal structure of synthetic Sc2Si2O7 at 100, 200 and 293 K: thermal expansion and behaviour of the Si2O7 group. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Suppl. No. 20: 139. [synthetic thortveitite]

Spandler, Carl, Hermann, Jörg, Rubatto, Daniela (2004) Exsolution of thortveitite, yttrialite, and xenotime during low-temperature recrystallization of zircon from New Caledonia, and their significance for trace element incorporation in zircon. American Mineralogist, 89 (11) 1795-1806 doi:10.2138/am-2004-11-1226

Chapman, R., Mercer, I.F., Rankin, A.H., Spratt, J. (2008) Thortveitite — a new gemstone. The Journal of Gemmology, 31 (1) 1-6 doi:10.15506/jog.2008.31.1.1

Allix, M., Alba, M. D., Florian, P., Fernandez-Carrion, A. J., Suchomel, M. R., Escudero, A., Suard, E., Becerro, A. I. (2011) Structural elucidation of β-(Y,Sc)2Si2O7: combined use of 89Y MAS NMR and powder diffraction. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 44 (4). 846-852 doi:10.1107/s0021889811021303

Guastoni, A., Nestola, F., Ferraris, C., Parodi, G. (2012) Xenotime-(Y) and Sn-rich thortveitite in miarolitic pegmatites from Baveno, Southern Alps, Italy. Mineralogical Magazine, 76 (3) 761-767 doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.3.23

Localities for ThortveititeHide

Showing 87 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Austria
Salzburg Zell am See District Neukirchen am Großvenediger Hopffeld area ⓘ Hopffeldboden	Putz (2007)

Brazil
ⓘ Paraíba	Kristiansen (1997)

Bulgaria
Plovdiv Province Laki Municipality Laki Djurkovo Complex ⓘ Djurkovo mine	Georgieva et al. (2023)

Canada
Ontario Thunder Bay District Walsh Township ⓘ Deadhorse Creek complex	Potter et al. (2005)

Chile
Bíobío Concepción Province ⓘ Coyanmahuida pegmatite	Alarcón Novoa (2019)

China
Guangdong Meizhou Mei Co. ⓘ Yushui Cu Mine	Liu et al. (2023) +2 other references
Guizhou Qianxinan Qinglong County ⓘ Shazi deposit	Sun et al. (2021)
Hunan Chenzhou Linwu Co. Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic ore field ⓘ Xianghualing Mine	Lee (1970)
Inner Mongolia Baotou City Bayan Obo mining district ⓘ Bayan Obo deposit	Liu et al. (2025)

Czech Republic
Vysočina Region Třebíč District Kožichovice ⓘ Kožichovice II pegmatite	Výravský et al. (2017)

DR Congo
South Kivu Mwenga Territory ⓘ Twangiza Mine	Aganze (2018)

Finland
Lapland Pello ⓘ Laajamaa pegmatite	Ilkka Mikkola collection +1 other reference

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Savoie Albertville La Léchère Bonneval-Tarentaise ⓘ Kersy Forest	Journet et al. (2016) +1 other reference
New Caledonia Northern Province Ouégoa ⓘ Unnamed Ridgeline	Spandler +1 other reference
Occitanie Ariège Foix Luzenac ⓘ Trimouns Talc Mine	Gatel et al. (2002)

Germany
Saxony Görlitz District Thiemendorf ⓘ A4 Highway tunnel	Witzke et al. (2003)

Italy
Aosta Valley Nus Saint-Barthélemy ⓘ Varenche Mine	Barresi et al. (2005) +1 other reference
Liguria Savona Province Magliolo ⓘ Costa Balzi Rossi	Bracco et al. (2006)
Lombardy Varese Province ⓘ Cuasso al Monte	Guastoni A. +1 other reference
Cavagnano ⓘ Laghetto Quarry	Gramaccioli et al. (2000) +3 other references
Piedmont Cuneo Province Bagnolo Piemonte ⓘ Montoso Quarries	Marello et al. (2020)
ⓘ Bricco Volti - Monte Ortieul quarrying area	Marello et al. (2020)
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province Baveno Feriolo ⓘ Scala dei Ratti Quarry (Ratti Quarry; Scala Quarry)	Piccoli et al. (2007)
Oltrefiume Mount Camoscio ⓘ Locatelli quarry	Grill (1935)
ⓘ Seula mine
Varzo Veglia Alp (Alpe Veglia) ⓘ Cima delle Piodelle REE-mineralization	Cuchet et al. (2023) +2 other references
ⓘ Conca di Boccareccio REE-mineralization	Cuchet et al. (2023) +1 other reference
Sardinia Metropolitan City of Cagliari Sarroch ⓘ Punta de Su Seinargiu (Su Seinargiu; Su Senargiu)	Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference
Sassari Province Calangianus ⓘ Furru e Conca Quarries	Tanca et al. (2007)

Japan
Kyoto Prefecture Kyōtango City Kobe ⓘ Shiraishi-yama (Shiroishi)	Sakurai et al. (1962)
ⓘ Ohro (Ōro; Ouro; Ooro)	Masutomi Museum specimens
Kyotango city Ohro (Ōro; Ouro; Ooro) ⓘ Isanago mine	Yamada et al. (1980)

Kazakhstan
Karaganda Region Karkaraly ⓘ Kent Massif	geo.web.ru (2007)
Shet District Moyynty Mointy Railway Station ⓘ Akkuduk occurrence (White Well)	A.V. Stepanov data

Madagascar
Analamanga Anjozorobe District Beronono Commune ⓘ Befanamo pegmatite	[var: Befanamite] Lacroix (1922) +1 other reference
Ankazobe District Andranomiady ⓘ ~~Miarinkofeno pegmatite~~	Guigues (1955) +1 other reference
ⓘ Antsakay	Guigues (1955)
Anosy Betroka District Tsaraitso Ambaro ⓘ Beravina	Ferraris et al. (2020)
Betsiboka Maevatanana District Kelimaizina ⓘ Unnamed Pegmatite ?	[var: Befanamite] Behier (1960)
Tsaratanàna District Bekapaika Commune ⓘ Bemoka pegmatite	[var: Befanamite] Behier (1960)

Norway
Agder Birkenes Vegusdal ⓘ Vatne	Neumann (1961) +1 other reference
Evje og Hornnes Landsverk ⓘ ~~Landsverk 1 Feldspar Quarry (Jokeli)~~	Bjørlykke (1935)
ⓘ Landsverk 3 Feldspar Quarry	Schetelig (1922) +1 other reference
ⓘ Undeland	Frigstad (1968)
ⓘ Undeland 02 Feldspar Quarry (Beryl quarry)	Schetelig (1922)
ⓘ Iveland	Levinson et al. (1960) +2 other references
Æretveit ⓘ Æretveit 1 Feldspar Quarry	Pedersen (2007)
ⓘ Eptevatnet 02 Thortveitite Quarry	Schetelig (1922) +1 other reference
Frikstad ⓘ Frikstad 03 Feldspar Quarry (Tuftane)	Neumann et al. (1960)
ⓘ Frikstad 07 Feldspar Quarry	Nordrum (2004) +1 other reference
Håverstad ⓘ Håverstad 01 Feldspar Quarry	Bjørlykke (1935)
Ivedal ⓘ Ivedal 1 Feldspar Prospect ?	Bjørlykke (1935)
ⓘ Kåbuland
ⓘ Kåbuland 01 Feldspar Quarry (Amerika)	Nordrum (2005)
ⓘ Kåbuland 06 Feldspar Quarry (Tunnelen)	[Ronald Werner] +1 other reference
Ljosland Knipan (Knipane) ⓘ Ljosland 04 (Thortveitittgruva) (TL)	Schetelig (1922)
ⓘ Ljosland 14 (Torvelona)	Bjørlykke (1935)
ⓘ Rossås	Rudy Bolona photo and specimen
ⓘ Pegmatite Locality 19	Corneliussen (2012)
ⓘ Tjomstøl	Bjørlykke (1935)
Nordland Sørfold ⓘ Tennvatn pegmatite	Husdal (2021)
Telemark Drangedal Tørdal ⓘ Heftetjern pegmatite	Knut Edvard Larsen collection & Roy ... +2 other references
Nissedal ⓘ Svåheii 2 pegmatite	Steffenssen (2018)
Nome ⓘ Fen Complex	Amli (1977)
Troms og Finnmark Kautokeino ⓘ Bidjovagge gold-copper deposit	Mathiesen (1970)
ⓘ Biggejavri	Svein (1988) +1 other reference

Poland
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Karkonosze County Szklarska Poręba ⓘ Szklarska Poręba Huta granite quarry	Evans et al. (2018) +1 other reference
Świdnica County Gmina Strzegom Strzegom ⓘ Graniczna quarry	Chabros E.

Russia
Altai Krai Charyshsky District ⓘ Kumir Sc-REE occurrence	Egorov et al (1993)
Chelyabinsk Oblast ⓘ Astaf'evskoe quartz deposit (Astafievskoe)	Kainov (1973)
ⓘ Yuzhnyi quarry
Kamchatka Krai Koryak Okrug Karaginsky District ⓘ Ozernovskoe deposit	Kozlov et al. (n.d.)
Murmansk Oblast ⓘ Kola Peninsula	Voloshin et al. (1991)
Pechengsky District Pechenga Ni-Cu ore field ⓘ Bragino ore occurrence	Kompanchenko et al. (2018) +1 other reference

Saudi Arabia
Ha'il Region ⓘ Jabal Aja Complex	Gahlan et al. (2021)

Sweden
Dalarna County Borlänge Stora Tuna ⓘ Holmtjärn	Langhof (1996)
Norrbotten County Jokkmokk ⓘ Ruoutevare	Langhof (1996)
Stockholm County Vaxholm Resarö ⓘ Ytterby	Langhof (1996)
Västra Götaland County Svenljunga Överlida ⓘ Ytterlida pegmatite	Kjellman (analyst) +1 other reference

Switzerland
Valais Östlich Raron Grengiols Chummibort ⓘ Ritterpass NE-combe REE-mineralization	Cuchet et al. (2014)

USA
Montana ⓘ Ravalli County	Parker & Havens (1963) +1 other reference
Sapphire Mountains Area ⓘ Crystal Mountain Fluorspar Mine (Lumberjack Outcrops; Crystal Mountain Mine Retirement Group)	Foord et al. (1993) +1 other reference
New Jersey Sussex County ⓘ Franklin Marble	Dunn (1995)
Ogdensburg Sterling Hill ⓘ Sterling Mine	Dunn et al. (1990) +1 other reference

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Thortveitite

About ThortveititeHide

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Classification of ThortveititeHide

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Physical Properties of ThortveititeHide

Optical Data of ThortveititeHide

Chemistry of ThortveititeHide

Chemical AnalysisHide

Crystallography of ThortveititeHide

Crystal StructureHide

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Geological EnvironmentHide

Type Occurrence of ThortveititeHide

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Varieties of ThortveititeHide

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