Kotulskite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Kotulskite
Vladimir K. Kotul’skii
Formula:
Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4)
Note: Synthetic PdTe is known (Vymazalová et al., 2005).
Member of the triple system PdTe-PdBi-PdSb with a continuous isomorphic series along Te-Bi and Bi-Sb sides of triangle. Isomorphism along Te-Sb side is complicated in absence of Bi especially for high-Te compositions.
Member of the triple system PdTe-PdBi-PdSb with a continuous isomorphic series along Te-Bi and Bi-Sb sides of triangle. Isomorphism along Te-Sb side is complicated in absence of Bi especially for high-Te compositions.
Colour:
Steel gray
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
9.18 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Vladimir Klement’evich Kotul’skii (Владимир Климентьевич Котульский) (9 July 1879, Bialystok, Poland – 24 February 1951, Krasnoyarsk, USSR), geologist at the Mining Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. He was an expert on copper–nickel deposits.
Member of isomorphic series Kotulskite-Sobolevskite and Kotulskite-Sudburyite. Compare, e.g., michenerite and UM1997-55-Te:BiPd.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2264
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2264:0
IMA Classification of Kotulskite
Approved
IMA Formula:
Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4)
First published:
1963
Classification of Kotulskite
2.CC.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
C : With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
C : With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.
3.12.21
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ktu | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Kot | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Kotulskite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Steel gray
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN15=165 - 184 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Comment:
VHN = 165–184; 277–322, 291 average (15 g load).
Cleavage:
None Observed
Density:
9.18 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kotulskite
Anisotropism:
Strong brownish to gray-blue.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 420nm | 46.3% | 46.5% |
| 440nm | 50.5% | 52.1% |
| 460nm | 54.2% | 57.1% |
| 480nm | 57.1% | 61.1% |
| 500nm | 59.7% | 64.2% |
| 520nm | 61.4% | 66.3% |
| 540nm | 62.7% | 67.9% |
| 560nm | 64.0% | 69.4% |
| 580nm | 64.6% | 70.2% |
| 600nm | 65.8% | 71.2% |
| 620nm | 66.3% | 72.7% |
| 640nm | 67.0% | 72.9% |
| 660nm | 67.5% | 73.4% |
| 680nm | 67.3% | 73.5% |
| 700nm | 68.6% | 74.6% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 74.6%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Creamy
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
From pale cream to darker grayish cream.
Chemistry of Kotulskite
Mindat Formula:
Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4)
Note: Synthetic PdTe is known (Vymazalová et al., 2005).
Member of the triple system PdTe-PdBi-PdSb with a continuous isomorphic series along Te-Bi and Bi-Sb sides of triangle. Isomorphism along Te-Sb side is complicated in absence of Bi especially for high-Te compositions.
Note: Synthetic PdTe is known (Vymazalová et al., 2005).
Member of the triple system PdTe-PdBi-PdSb with a continuous isomorphic series along Te-Bi and Bi-Sb sides of triangle. Isomorphism along Te-Sb side is complicated in absence of Bi especially for high-Te compositions.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Pt
Crystallography of Kotulskite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.145(5) Å, c = 5.67(1) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.368
Unit Cell V:
84.37 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Comment:
Point Group: n.d.; Space Group: n.d.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0011587 | Kotulskite | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 85-237 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.03 Å | (100) |
| 2.22 Å | (90) |
| 2.08 Å | (70) |
| 1.52 Å | (30) |
| 1.72 Å | (20) |
| 1.67 Å | (20) |
| 1.32 Å | (10) |
Comments:
Rustenburg mine, South Africa. Data from Kingston (1966).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals |
Type Occurrence of Kotulskite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Microscopic grains in chalcopyrite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Geology Museum, Kola Branch, Academy of Sciences, Apatity, Russia, 5966.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Kotulskite
Other Language Names for Kotulskite
Dutch:Kotulskiet
German:Kotulskit
Yanzhongit
Yanzhongit
Russian:Котульскит
Simplified Chinese:黄碲钯矿
Spanish:Kotulskita
Yanzhongita
Yanzhongita
Varieties of Kotulskite
| Bismuth- and Lead-bearing Kotulskite | Associated with norilskite. |
Relationship of Kotulskite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Nickeline Group:
| Achávalite | FeSe | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Breithauptite | NiSb | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Driekopite | PtBi | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Freboldite | CoSe | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Langisite | CoAs | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Nickeline | NiAs | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mcm |
| Sederholmite | NiSe | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Sobolevskite | PdBi | Hex. |
| Stumpflite | PtSb | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Sudburyite | PdSb | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Vavřínite | Ni2SbTe2 | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Zlatogorite | NiCuSb2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 6 photos of Kotulskite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 3 photos of Kotulskite associated with Moncheite | Pt(Te,Bi)2 |
| 3 photos of Kotulskite associated with Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| 2 photos of Kotulskite associated with Telargpalite | (Pd,Ag)3(Te,Bi) |
| 2 photos of Kotulskite associated with Keithconnite | Pd20Te7 |
| 2 photos of Kotulskite associated with Telluropalladinite | Pd9Te4 |
| 2 photos of Kotulskite associated with Palarstanide | Pd5(Sn,As)2 |
| 1 photo of Kotulskite associated with Kojonenite | Pd7-xSnTe2 (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) |
| 1 photo of Kotulskite associated with Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| 1 photo of Kotulskite associated with Sperrylite | PtAs2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.CC. | Eliopoulosite | V7S8 |
| 2.CC. | Tilkerodeite | Pd2HgSe3 |
| 2.CC. | 'UM2007-26-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh' | (Ir,Cu,Ni,Pt,Rh,Fe)9S11 |
| 2.CC. | Proxitwelvefoldite | Pd3Ni4Te8 |
| 2.CC. | Ferrotorryweiserite | Rh5Fe10S16 |
| 2.CC. | Tamuraite | Ir5Fe10S16 |
| 2.CC. | Crowningshieldite | (Ni0.9Fe0.1)S |
| 2.CC. | Kuvaevite | Ir5Ni10S16 |
| 2.CC. | Torryweiserite | Rh5Ni10S16 |
| 2.CC.05 | Achávalite | FeSe |
| 2.CC.05 | Langisite | CoAs |
| 2.CC.05 | Sederholmite | NiSe |
| 2.CC.05 | Freboldite | CoSe |
| 2.CC.05 | Nickeline | NiAs |
| 2.CC.05 | Sobolevskite | PdBi |
| 2.CC.05 | Jaipurite | CoS |
| 2.CC.05 | Zlatogorite | NiCuSb2 |
| 2.CC.05 | Stumpflite | PtSb |
| 2.CC.05 | Sudburyite | PdSb |
| 2.CC.05 | Breithauptite | NiSb |
| 2.CC.10 | Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| 2.CC.10 | Smythite | (Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3) |
| 2.CC.10 | Troilite | FeS |
| 2.CC.15 | Ruthenarsenite | (Ru,Ni)As |
| 2.CC.15 | Westerveldite | (Fe,Ni,Co)As |
| 2.CC.15 | Modderite | CoAs |
| 2.CC.15 | Minakawaite | RhSb |
| 2.CC.15 | Cherepanovite | RhAs |
| 2.CC.20 | 'UM1990-38-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh' | (Ni,Fe,Rh,Cu,Ir,Pt)S |
| 2.CC.20 | Millerite | NiS |
| 2.CC.20 | Mäkinenite | NiSe |
| 2.CC.25 | Mackinawite | FeS |
| 2.CC.30 | Vavřínite | Ni2SbTe2 |
| 2.CC.30 | 'Hexatestibiopanickelite' | (Pd,Ni)(Sb,Te) ? |
| 2.CC.35b | Cooperite | PtS |
| 2.CC.35a | Vysotskite | PdS |
| 2.CC.35a | Braggite | PdPt3S4 |
| 2.CC.45 | Jacutingaite | Pt2HgSe3 |
| 2.CC.50 | 'Imgreite' | NiTe (?) |
Other Information
Notes:
Etched by HNO3, and Fecl3 after 5 minutes. No effect from KOH, HgCl2, KCN, HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kotulskite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2264.html
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References for Kotulskite
Reference List:
Kingston, G. A. (1966) The occurrence of platinoid bismuthotellurides in the Merensky Reef at Rustenburg platinum mine in the western Bushveld. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 35 (274) 815-834 doi:10.1180/minmag.1966.035.274.03
IMA (1967) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (277) 131-136 doi:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.277.20
Cabri, L. J., Laflamme, J. H. G. (1976) The mineralogy of the platinum-group elements from some copper-nickel deposits of the Sudbury area, Ontario. Economic Geology, 71 (7) 1159-1195 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.71.7.1159
(1980) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (332) 1053-1055 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.332.17
Criddle, A. J., Stanley, C. J. (1993) Data file. In Quantitative Data File for Ore Minerals. Springer Netherlands. p.1-635. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1486-8_1p.297
Localities for Kotulskite
Showing 196 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA