Joaquinite-(Ce)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Joaquinite-(Ce)
Formula:
NaBa2Ce2FeTi2[Si4O12]2O2(OH,F) · H2O
Colour:
Honey-yellow to brown
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
3.89 - 3.98
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named joaquinite in 1909 by G.D. Louderback and W.C. Blasdale for the Joaquin Ridge in the Diablo Range where the mineral was discovered. The ridge also also borders the San Joaquin Valley. The suffix denotes the cerium content and was added by Nickel & Mandarino (1987).
This page provides mineralogical data about Joaquinite-(Ce).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2099
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2099:8
IMA Classification of Joaquinite-(Ce)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
IMA Formula:
NaBa2Fe2+Ti4+2Ce3+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)·H2O
First published:
1909
Approval history:
Redefined IMA 00–D: Matsubara (2001); Grice and Ferraris (2003).
Classification of Joaquinite-(Ce)
9.CE.25
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
E : [Si4O12]8- 4-membered single rings (vierer-Einfachringe), without insular complex anions
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
E : [Si4O12]8- 4-membered single rings (vierer-Einfachringe), without insular complex anions
60.1.1a.1
60 : CYCLOSILICATES Four-Membered Rings
1 : Four-Membered Rings, as Titanosilicates
60 : CYCLOSILICATES Four-Membered Rings
1 : Four-Membered Rings, as Titanosilicates
14.9.12
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
9 : Silicates of Ti
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
9 : Silicates of Ti
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Jq-Ce | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Joaquinite-(Ce)
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Honey-yellow to brown
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{001}
{001}
Density:
3.89 - 3.98 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.93 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Joaquinite-(Ce)
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.748 - 1.754 nβ = 1.76 - 1.767 nγ = 1.762 - 1.823
2V:
Measured: 30° to 55°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.014 - 0.069
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v marked
Optical Extinction:
Parallel. X = a; Y = b; Z = c.
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = Y = colorless; Z = pale yellow.
Comments:
Absorption: Z > Y > X.
Chemistry of Joaquinite-(Ce)
Mindat Formula:
NaBa2Ce2FeTi2[Si4O12]2O2(OH,F) · H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Joaquinite-(Ce)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2 - Sphenoidal
Space Group:
B2
Setting:
C2
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.516(3) Å, b = 9.686(3) Å, c = 11.833(4) Å
β = 109.67(3)°
β = 109.67(3)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.086 : 1 : 1.222
Unit Cell V:
1,134.95 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Equant or tabular crystals. Pyramidal with a tiny facet of the base, to flat tabular parallel to the base.
Twinning:
On {001}, polysynthetic, common.
Comment:
Pseudo-orthorhombic.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000469 | Joaquinite-(Ce) | Dowty E (1975) Crystal structure of joaquinite American Mineralogist 60 872-878 |  | 1975 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.943 Å | (100) |
| 4.43 Å | (95) |
| 2.890 Å | (85) |
| 3.29 Å | (60) |
| 2.606 Å | (60) |
| 3.05 Å | (40) |
| 2.978 Å | (40) |
Comments:
San Benito Co., California, USA.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Joaquinite-(Ce)
General Appearance of Type Material:
Small generally individual crystals or grains rarely over one millimeter in diameter. Generally equant, occasionally slightly tabular. Striated.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard Mineralogical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, number 90840.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In natrolite veins cutting a glaucophane schist inclusion in a serpentinite body.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Joaquinite-(Ce)
Relationship of Joaquinite-(Ce) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Joaquinite Group:
| Bario-orthojoaquinite | (Ba,Sr)4Fe2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2 · H2O | Orth. |
| Byelorussite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2MnTi2[Si4O12]2O2(F,OH) · H2O | Orth. mm2 : Ama2 |
| Dutkevichite-(Ce) | NaZnBa2Ce2Ti2Si8O26F · H2O | Orth. mm2 : Ama2 |
| Orthojoaquinite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2FeTi2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH) · H2O | Orth. |
| Orthojoaquinite-(La) | NaBa2La2Fe2+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH) · H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Strontio-orthojoaquinite | (Na,Fe)2Sr2Ba2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O | Orth. |
| Strontiojoaquinite | Sr2Ba2(Na,Fe)2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 203 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Benitoite | BaTi(Si3O9) |
| 184 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Neptunite | KNa2Li(Fe2+)2Ti2[Si4O12]2 |
| 132 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 45 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with 'Crossite' | |
| 10 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 7 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Djurleite | Cu31S16 |
| 5 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Glaucophane | ◻Na2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 1 photo of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with 'Glaucophane schist' | |
| 1 photo of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Digenite | Cu9S5 |
| 1 photo of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.CE. | Dutkevichite-(Ce) | NaZnBa2Ce2Ti2Si8O26F · H2O |
| 9.CE. | Katanite | Ba3NbFe3Si2O14 |
| 9.CE. | Niobobaotite | Ba4(Ti2.5Fe2+1.5)Nb4Si4O28Cl |
| 9.CE. | Amaterasuite | Sr4Ti6Si4O23(OH)Cl |
| 9.CE. | Steiningerite | Ba2Zr2(Si4O12)O2 |
| 9.CE.05 | Papagoite | CaCu[H3AlSi2O9] |
| 9.CE.10 | Verplanckite | Ba4Mn2+2Si4O12(OH,H2O)3Cl3 |
| 9.CE.15 | Baotite | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| 9.CE.20 | Nagashimalite | Ba4(V,Ti)4B2Si8O27(O,OH)2Cl |
| 9.CE.20 | Taramellite | Ba4(Fe3+,Ti,Fe2+,Mg)4(B2Si8O27)O2Clx |
| 9.CE.20 | Titantaramellite | Ba4(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mg)4(B2Si8O27)O2Clx |
| 9.CE.25 | Bario-orthojoaquinite | (Ba,Sr)4Fe2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Byelorussite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2MnTi2[Si4O12]2O2(F,OH) · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Orthojoaquinite-(La) | NaBa2La2Fe2+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH) · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Strontiojoaquinite | Sr2Ba2(Na,Fe)2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Orthojoaquinite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2FeTi2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH) · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Strontio-orthojoaquinite | (Na,Fe)2Sr2Ba2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.30e | Labuntsovite-Mn | Na4K4(Ba,K)2Mn2+(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 10-12H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-Na | Na2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Na | K2Na(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4 · 5H2O |
| 9.CE.30h | Alsakharovite-Zn | NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 7H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Burovaite-Ca | (Na,K)4Ca2(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(OH,O)8 · 12H2O |
| 9.CE.30a | Nenadkevichite | (Na,◻)8Nb4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 8H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-Sr | Sr(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Mn | K2Mn2+(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Paratsepinite-Na | (Na,Sr,K,Ca)7(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · nH2O n ~ 8 |
| 9.CE.30d | Lemmleinite-K | K2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Karupmøllerite-Ca | (Na,Ca,K)2Ca(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 7H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Lepkhenelmite-Zn | (Ba,K)2Zn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 7H2O |
| 9.CE.30h | Gutkovaite-Mn | K2CaMn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 9.CE.30e | Labuntsovite-Mg | Na4K4(Ba,K)2Mg(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 10H2O |
| 9.CE.30e | Labuntsovite-Fe | Na4K4(Ba,K)2Fe2+(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 10H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Kuzmenkoite-Zn | K2Zn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4 · 6-8H2O |
| 9.CE.30f | Paralabuntsovite-Mg | Na8K8Mg4Ti16(Si4O12)8(OH,O)16 · 20-24H2O |
| 9.CE.30d | Lemmleinite-Ba | Na2K2Ba(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 9.CE.30g | Organovaite-Mn | K2Mn(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5-7H2O |
| 9.CE.30g | Organovaite-Zn | K2Zn(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Vuoriyarvite-K | K2(Nb,Ti)2(Si4O12)(O,OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Fe | K2Fe2+(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30a | 'Unnamed (Ca-Na-ordered analogue of Korobitsynite)' | (Ca,Na)2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3-4H2O |
| 9.CE.30g | Parakuzmenkoite-Fe | (K,Ba)4Fe(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 14H2O |
| 9.CE.30a | Korobitsynite | (Na,◻)4Ti2(Si4O12)(O,OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Kuzmenkoite-Mn | K2Mn2+(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4 · 5-6H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-K | K2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Paratsepinite-Ba | Ba4(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(OH,O)8 · 8H2O |
| 9.CE.30h | Neskevaaraite-Fe | K3Na2Fe2+(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5-6 H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Ca | K2Ca(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-Ca | (Ca,K,Na)2-x(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.CE.45 | 'Natrokomarovite' | (Na,Ca,H)2Nb2Si2O10(OH,F)2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.45 | Komarovite | (Ca,Mn)(Nb,Ti)2[Si2O7](O,F)3 · 3.5H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube it becomes paler in color, loses luster, and yields a little water but does not fuse. Fuses readily in the lower part of a Bunsen flame (fusability 2.5), with intumescence, to a brown glass.
Notes:
Resists hot hydrochloric and nitric acids. Easily attacked by hydrofluoric acid which leaves a white film of decomposition products on its surface.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Joaquinite-(Ce)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2099.html
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References for Joaquinite-(Ce)
Reference List:
Palache, Charles, Foshag, W. F. (1932) The chemical nature of joaquinite. American Mineralogist, 17 (7) 308-312
Semenov, E. I., Bukin, V. I., Balashov, Yu. A., Sorensen, and H. (1967) Rare earths in minerals of the joaquinite group. American Mineralogist, 52 (11-12) 1762-1769
Laird, Jo, Albee, Arden L. (1972) Chemical composition and physical, optical, and structural properties of benitoite, neptunite, and joaquinite. American Mineralogist, 57 (1-2) 85-102
Rossman, George R. (1975) Joaquinite: The nature of its water content and the question of four coordinated ferrous iron. American Mineralogist, 60 (5-6) 435-440
Wise, W. S. (1982) Strontiojoaquinite and bario-orthojoaquinite: two new members of the joaquinite group. American Mineralogist, 67 (7-8) 809-816
Nickel, Ernest H., Mandarino, Joseph A. (1987) Procedures involving the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names and guidelines on mineral nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 72 (9-10) 1031-1042
Localities for Joaquinite-(Ce)
Showing 16 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Canada | |
| GSC locality database +2 other references |
| Nickel et al. (1964) | |
| GSC locality database +1 other reference | |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Semenov et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| www.geomania.hu |
| www.geomania.hu +1 other reference | |
| www.minerofil.hu (2023) | |
USA | |
| Barwood (1995) |
| Howard (1987) | |
| Barwood (1989) |
| Mineralogical Research Company +1 other reference |
| Cooper et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Louderback (1909) +6 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
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California State Gem Mine, Santa Rita Peak, San Benito County, California, USA