Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Formula:
KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O
Colour:
Colorless to white; may be pink, light green, or light yellow.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
4 - 5
Specific Gravity:
2.37
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Apophyllite was named in 1806 by Rene Just Haüy from the Greek for "away from" (ἀπό, apo) and "leaf" (φύλλον, phyllos), in allusion to the way it exfoliates upon heating. Chemical variants were recognized by Pete J. Dunn, Roland C. Rouse, and Julie A. Norberg in 1978.
Mineral name changed from apophyllite-(KOH) to hydroxyapophyllite-(K) (Hatert et al., 2013).
Mineral name changed from apophyllite-(KOH) to hydroxyapophyllite-(K) (Hatert et al., 2013).
Type Locality:
Fluorapophyllite-(K)-Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) Series. The Ca analogue of hydroxymcglassonite-(K).
Mineral name changed from apophyllite-(KOH) to hydroxyapophyllite-(K) (Hatert et al., 2013).
Mineral name changed from apophyllite-(KOH) to hydroxyapophyllite-(K) (Hatert et al., 2013).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1989
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1989:3
Similar Names
| Hydroxyapophyllite-(NH4) | A valid IMA mineral species - pending publication | (NH4)Ca4(Si8O20)(OH)(H2O)8 |
IMA Classification of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Approved
IMA Formula:
KCa4Si8O20(OH,F)·8H2O
Classification of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
9.EA.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
A : Single nets of tetrahedra with 4-, 5-, (6-), and 8-membered rings
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
A : Single nets of tetrahedra with 4-, 5-, (6-), and 8-membered rings
17.1.6
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
1 : Silicates with fluoride (not containing Al)
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
1 : Silicates with fluoride (not containing Al)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hapo-K | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hapk | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
Vitreous on {100} and pearly on {001}
Colour:
Colorless to white; may be pink, light green, or light yellow.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}
{001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.37 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.36 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.536 - 1.542 nε = 1.537 - 1.543
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.001
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
None to Very Low
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Chemistry of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Mindat Formula:
KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Al,Na
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| SiO2 | 52.99 % |
| Al2O3 | 0.19 % |
| CaO | 25.42 % |
| MgO | 0.01 % |
| FeO | 0.03 % |
| Na2O | 0.20 % |
| K2O | 4.89 % |
| Rb2O | 0.02 % |
| F | 0.01 % |
| H2O+ | 16.87 % |
| Total: | 100.63 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (K0.94Na0.06)Ca4.10(Si7.98Al0.02)O20(OH)1.18 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mofjellet Base Metal Mine, Mofjellet, Rana, Nordland, Norway | X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, atomic absorption and ion-selective electrode. H2O+ determined as loss on ignition |
Crystallography of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.978(3) Å, c = 15.83(1) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.763
Unit Cell V:
1,275.97 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Comment:
Space Group: P4/mnc
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000617 | Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | Rouse R C, Peacor D R, Dunn P J (1978) Hydroxyapophyllite, a new mineral, and a redefinition of the apophyllite group II. Crystal structure American Mineralogist 63 196-202 |  | 1978 | Kimberley, South Africa | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.965 Å | (100) |
| 2.990 Å | (67) |
| 1.588 Å | (26) |
| 4.554 Å | (23) |
| 2.494 Å | (22) |
| 7.90 Å | (13) |
| 7.82 Å | (13) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1977,58; Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 14099; Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 115268.
Synonyms of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Other Language Names for Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Dutch:Hydroxyapophylliet-(K)
Norwegian:Hydroksypofyllitt-(K)
Russian:Гидроксиапофиллит
Апофиллит-(KOH)
Апофиллит-(KOH)
Spanish:Hidroxiapofilita-(K)
Relationship of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Apophyllite Group:
| Fluorapophyllite-(Cs) | CsCa4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O | Tet. |
| Fluorapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/mnc |
| Fluorapophyllite-(Na) | NaCa4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O | Orth. |
| Fluorapophyllite-(NH4) | NH4Ca4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/mnc |
| Hydroxyapophyllite-(NH4) | (NH4)Ca4(Si8O20)(OH)(H2O)8 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) |
| Hydroxymcglassonite-(K) | KSr4Si8O20(OH) · 8H2O | Tet. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 200 photos of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| 94 photos of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 84 photos of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) associated with Gyrolite | NaCa16Si23AlO60(OH)8 · 14H2O |
| 83 photos of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) associated with Kinoite | Ca2Cu2(H2O)2[Si3O10] |
| 52 photos of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) associated with Okenite | Ca10Si18O46 · 18H2O |
| 44 photos of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 37 photos of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 34 photos of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) associated with Bultfonteinite | Ca2(HSiO4)F · H2O |
| 30 photos of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) associated with Inesite | Ca2(Mn,Fe)7Si10O28(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 26 photos of Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) associated with Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EA. | Hydroxymcglassonite-(K) | KSr4Si8O20(OH) · 8H2O |
| 9.EA. | Miyawakiite-(Y) | ◻Y4Fe2(Si8O20)(CO3)4(H2O)3 |
| 9.EA. | Bussyite-(Y) | (Y,REE,Ca)3(Na,Ca)6MnSi9Be5(O,OH,F)34 |
| 9.EA. | Hydroxyapophyllite-(NH4) | (NH4)Ca4(Si8O20)(OH)(H2O)8 |
| 9.EA. | Fluorapophyllite-(NH4) | NH4Ca4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O |
| 9.EA.05 | Gillespite | BaFe2+Si4O10 |
| 9.EA.05 | Cuprorivaite | CaCuSi4O10 |
| 9.EA.05 | Wesselsite | SrCuSi4O10 |
| 9.EA.05 | Effenbergerite | BaCuSi4O10 |
| 9.EA.07 | Fluorapophyllite-(Cs) | CsCa4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O |
| 9.EA.10 | Ekanite | Ca2ThSi8O20 |
| 9.EA.15 | Fluorapophyllite-(Na) | NaCa4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O |
| 9.EA.15 | Fluorapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O |
| 9.EA.20 | Magadiite | Na2Si14O29 · 11H2O |
| 9.EA.25 | Dalyite | K2ZrSi6O15 |
| 9.EA.25 | Davanite | K2TiSi6O15 |
| 9.EA.30 | Sazhinite-(La) | Na3La[Si6O15] · 2H2O |
| 9.EA.30 | Sazhinite-(Ce) | Na3CeSi6O15 · 2H2O |
| 9.EA.35 | Armstrongite | CaZr[Si6O15] · 3H2O |
| 9.EA.40 | Okenite | Ca10Si18O46 · 18H2O |
| 9.EA.45 | Perettiite-(Y) | Y2Mn4FeSi2B8O24 |
| 9.EA.45 | Nekoite | Ca3Si6O15 · 7H2O |
| 9.EA.45 | Badakhshanite-(Y) | Y2Mn4Al(Si2B7BeO24) |
| 9.EA.47 | Shlykovite | KCa[Si4O9(OH)] · 3H2O |
| 9.EA.50 | Diegogattaite | Na2CaCu2Si8O20 · H2O |
| 9.EA.50 | Cavansite | Ca(VO)Si4O10 · 4H2O |
| 9.EA.52 | Yangite | PbMnSi3O8 · H2O |
| 9.EA.55 | Pentagonite | Ca(VO)Si4O10 · 4H2O |
| 9.EA.60 | Penkvilksite | Na4Ti2Si8O22 · 4H2O |
| 9.EA.60 | Tumchaite | Na2Zr(Si4O11) · 2H2O |
| 9.EA.65 | Nabesite | Na2BeSi4O10 · 4H2O |
| 9.EA.70 | Ajoite | (K,Na)Cu7AlSi9O24(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 9.EA.75 | Zeravshanite | Na2Cs4Zr3[Si18O45]*2H2O |
| 9.EA.80 | Bussyite-(Ce) | (Ce,REE)3(Na,H2O)6MnSi9Be5(O,OH)30F4 |
| 9.EA.85 | Plumbophyllite | Pb2Si4O10 · H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 4.3192% | 1,339 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1989.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
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References for Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Reference List:
Dunn, Pete J.; Rouse, Roland C.; Norberg, Julie A. (1978) Hydroxyapophyllite, a new mineral, and a redefinition of the apophyllite group. I. Description, occurrences, and nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 63 (1-2). 196-198
Wilson, Wendell E., Dunn, Pete J. (1978) Nomenclature revisions in the apophyllite group: hydroxyapophyllite, apophyllite, fluorapophyllite. The Mineralogical Record, 9 (2) 95-98
Rouse, Roland C., Peacor, Donald R., Dunn, Pete J. (1978) Hydroxyapophyllite, a new mineral, and a redefinition of the apophyllite group. II. Crystal structure. American Mineralogist, 63 (1-2). 196-202
Localities for Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)
Showing 106 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Hodge-Smith (1924) +2 other references |
| Sutherland et al. (2004) |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| Grguric et al. (2005) |
Austria | |
| Postl (2008) |
| Taucher et al. (2013) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
Canada | |
| Anton R. Chakhmouradian and Roger H. Mitchell (2001) |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| Maurizio Dini & Robert Jenkins ... +1 other reference |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
China | |
| Möhn et al. (05/2021) |
| Xu Jinsha et al. (2019) |
Czech Republic | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Dolníček et al. (2021) |
Finland | |
| Arhe |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Joel Dyer collection |
France | |
| André MELLE collection - Nicolas ... |
Germany | |
| Keck (2008) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Blaß et al. (2012) |
| Blass (2010) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| Szakáll & Gatter +1 other reference |
| Szakáll & Gatter |
India | |
| Personal experience-Rock Currier +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data |
| Rock Currier |
| Rock Currier photo | |
Israel | |
| Sokol et al. (2014, November) |
Italy | |
| XRD analysis at Bari University |
| XRD analysis |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Delpiano et al. (2012) |
| Gemellaro (1856) |
| Garavelli C.L. & Vurro F. (1984) |
| Stoppa et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Carlo Cassinelli infrared spectrum (unpublished data) |
| Fabio Tosato et al. (2024) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (2010) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (2000) |
| Boscardin et al. (2000) +2 other references | |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
Japan | |
| |
| Momma et al. (2015) |
Kenya | |
| Forti et al. (2003) |
| Paolo Forti - Genetic processes of cave ... | |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Namibia | |
| ... |
Norway | |
| Larsen (1980) |
| Larsen (1980) +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
| Hîrtopanu P. et al. (2022) |
Russia | |
| Dokuchits et al. (2022) |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2016) |
| ... |
| Igor Savin data +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Rouse et al. (1978) |
| Pohl et al. (1991) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1993) | |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Cepedal et al. (2021) | |
| Calvo et al. (2013) |
UK | |
| |
| Green et al. (1996) |
Ukraine | |
| Karpenko V. (New Data on Minerals) +1 other reference |
| Tischenko A. data |
USA | |
| RRUFF Project Specimen ID: R050169 |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Dunning et al. (2003) |
| www.mindat.org (2012) |
| Confirmed by XRD by Travis Olds |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Rouse et al. (1978) |
| Betts (n.d.) | |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Chamberlain et al. (1999) |
| Joseph A. Mandarino and Malcolm E. Back +1 other reference |
| Keith Wood |
| Wilson et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Kearns et al. (2008) |
| Meier et al. (K, Na) |
| Meier et al. (K, Na) |
| Meier et al. (K, Na) |
| Joseph Freillich specimen |
| Meier et al. (K, Na) | |
| Meier et al. (K, Na) | |
| Meier et al. (K, Na) | |
| Meier et al. (K, Na) |
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Centreville, Culpeper Basin, Fairfax County, Virginia, USA