Curite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Curite
Pierre Curie
Formula:
Pb3(H2O)2[(UO2)4O4(OH)3]2
formerly given as Pb3(UO2)8O8(OH)6.3H2O; the study of Ghazisaeed et al. (2019) shows that "curite contains only one H2O group, with [4]-coordinated oxygen"
Colour:
Deep to light red-orange, orange, scarlet, yellow
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
4 - 5
Specific Gravity:
6.98 - 7.4
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
After Pierre Curie (15 May 1859, Paris, France – 19 April 1906, Paris, France), a physicist famous for his research with his wife, Marie Sklodowska-Curie, on radioactivity. They, along with Henri Becquerel, were awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics for their research. They also discovered the elements polonium and radium.
Pb is (or may be) slightly over-stoichiometric.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1197
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1197:2
Similar Names
| Cerite | A synonym | |
| Cerite-(CeCa) | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | (Ce7Ca2)◻Mg(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| Cerite-(La) | A synonym of Ferricerite-(LaCa) | |
| Coiraite | A valid IMA mineral species | (Pb,Sn)12.5Sn5FeAs3S28 |
| Cuarţ | A synonym of Quartz | |
| Cuprite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Cu2O |
| Eurite | A rock subtype | |
| Goureite | A synonym of Narsarsukite | |
| Karite | A variety of Diamond | C |
| Kerate | A synonym of Chlorargyrite | |
| Kerite | ||
| Kerrite | A synonym of Vermiculite | |
| Koreite | A synonym of 'Agalmatolite' | |
| Korite | A synonym of 'Ammolite' | |
| Surite | A valid IMA mineral species | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Turite | A synonym of 'Turgite' |
IMA Classification of Curite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+3+x[(U6+O2)4O4+x(OH)3-x]2·2H2O
First published:
1921
Classification of Curite
4.GB.55
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
G : Uranyl Hydroxides
B : With additional cations (K, Ca, Ba, Pb, etc.); with mainly UO2(O,OH)5 pentagonal polyhedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
G : Uranyl Hydroxides
B : With additional cations (K, Ca, Ba, Pb, etc.); with mainly UO2(O,OH)5 pentagonal polyhedra
5.9.3.1
5 : OXIDES CONTAINING URANIUM OR THORIUM
9 : Miscellaneous
5 : OXIDES CONTAINING URANIUM OR THORIUM
9 : Miscellaneous
7.16.26
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
16 : Oxides of U
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
16 : Oxides of U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Cui | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Curite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Curite
Adamantine
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Deep to light red-orange, orange, scarlet, yellow
Streak:
Orange
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
On {100}
On {100}
Density:
6.98 - 7.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.37 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Curite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.06 nβ = 2.11 nγ = 2.15
2V:
Measured: 70° , Calculated: 80°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.090
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = b = pale yellow
Y = a = light red-orange
Z = c = dark red-orange
Y = a = light red-orange
Z = c = dark red-orange
Comments:
Distinguished from other uranyl oxides by its higher refractive indices (Frondel 1958).
Chemistry of Curite
Mindat Formula:
Pb3(H2O)2[(UO2)4O4(OH)3]2
formerly given as Pb3(UO2)8O8(OH)6.3H2O; the study of Ghazisaeed et al. (2019) shows that "curite contains only one H2O group, with [4]-coordinated oxygen"
formerly given as Pb3(UO2)8O8(OH)6.3H2O; the study of Ghazisaeed et al. (2019) shows that "curite contains only one H2O group, with [4]-coordinated oxygen"
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Curite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnma
Setting:
Pnma
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.5510(10) Å, b = 8.3760(4) Å, c = 13.0107(9) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.498 : 1 : 1.553
Unit Cell V:
1367.78 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals prismatic [001] and striated [001]. Massive. In aggregates of fine needles or saccharoidal. Compact earthy.
Comment:
data from Ghazisaeed et al. (2019)
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005669 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 |  | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005668 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005667 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005666 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005665 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005664 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005663 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005662 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005661 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005660 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Swaambo, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005659 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Swaambo, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005658 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005657 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Swaambo,Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005656 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | Shinkolobwe, Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 | 293 |
| 0005670 | Curite | Li Y, Burns P C (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 727-735 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005644 | Curite | Burns P C, Hill F C (2000) Implications of the synthesis and structure of the Sr analogue of curite The Canadian Mineralogist 38 175-181 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.28 Å | (100) |
| 3.97 Å | (90) |
| 3.14 Å | (80) |
| 2.55 Å | (60) |
| 2.10 Å | (50) |
| 1.74 Å | (50) |
| 3.53 Å | (40) |
Comments:
Katanga district, DR Congo.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 27 : Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47g : [Halogen-bearing surface weathering minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Secondary mineral formed by the alteration of uraninite
Type Occurrence of Curite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Cryptocrystalline, massive, minute needles.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Curite
Varieties of Curite
| Thorian Curite | Typical constituent of gummites, replacing Th-bearing varieties of uraninite (Bröggerites). Able contain 10 and more wt.% of ThO2. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 54 photos of Curite associated with Uraninite | UO2 |
| 49 photos of Curite associated with Soddyite | (UO2)2SiO4 · 2H2O |
| 39 photos of Curite associated with Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 30 photos of Curite associated with Uranophane | Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 30 photos of Curite associated with Kasolite | Pb(UO2)(SiO4) · H2O |
| 21 photos of Curite associated with Schoepite | (UO2)8O2(OH)12 · 12H2O |
| 20 photos of Curite associated with Torbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 14 photos of Curite associated with Rutherfordine | (UO2)CO3 |
| 12 photos of Curite associated with Heterogenite | Co3+O(OH) |
| 10 photos of Curite associated with Becquerelite | Ca(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 8H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.GB.05 | Rameauite | K2Ca(UO2)6O6(OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 4.GB.05 | Agrinierite | K2(Ca,Sr)[(UO2)3O3(OH)2]2 · 5H2O |
| 4.GB.05 | Compreignacite | K2(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 7H2O |
| 4.GB.10 | Becquerelite | Ca(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 8H2O |
| 4.GB.10 | Billietite | Ba(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 4-8H2O |
| 4.GB.10 | Protasite | Ba(UO2)3O3(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 4.GB.15 | Richetite | (Fe3+,Mg)Pb 8.6(UO2)36O36(OH)24 · 41H2O |
| 4.GB.20 | Calciouranoite | (Ca,Ba,Pb)U2O7 · 5H2O |
| 4.GB.20 | Bauranoite | Ba(UO2)2(OH)6 · 1-2H2O |
| 4.GB.20 | Metacalciouranoite | (Ca,Ba,Pb,K2)U2O7 · 2H2O |
| 4.GB.25 | Fourmarierite | Pb(UO2)4O3(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 4.GB.30 | Wölsendorfite | Pb7(UO2)14O19(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 4.GB.35 | Masuyite | Pb(UO2)3O3(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 4.GB.40 | Vandendriesscheite | PbU7O22 · 12H2O |
| 4.GB.40 | Metavandendriesscheite | PbU7O22 · nH2O n < 12 |
| 4.GB.45 | Vandenbrandeite | Cu(UO2)(OH)4 |
| 4.GB.50 | Sayrite | Pb2(UO2)5O6(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 4.GB.60 | Iriginite | (UO2)Mo2O7 · 3H2O |
| 4.GB.65 | Uranosphaerite | Bi(UO2)O2(OH) |
| 4.GB.70 | Holfertite | CaxU6+2-xTi(O8-xOH4x) · 3H2O |
| 4.GB.75 | Carlosbarbosaite | (UO2)2Nb2O6(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 4.GB.80 | Gauthierite | KPb[(UO2)7O5(OH)7] · 8H2O |
| 4.GB.85 | Kroupaite | KPb0.5[(UO2)8O4(OH)10] · 10H2O |
| 4.GB.90 | Leesite | K(H2O)2[(UO2)4O2(OH)5] · 3H2O |
| 4.GB.95 | Shinkolobweite | Pb1.333[U5+O(OH)(UO2)5O4.67(OH)5.33](H2O)5 |
| 4.GB.95 | Nollmotzite | Mg[U5+(U6+O2)2O4F3] · 4H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 62.4770% | 15,619,250 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 0.0000% | 0 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
In the closed tube becomes brown and gives off water.
Notes:
Soluble in cold acids.
Strongly radioactive.
Strongly radioactive.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Curite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1197.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Curite
Reference List:
Billiet, Valère (1926) Détermination des indices de réfraction de la becquerélite, de la curite, de la kasolite, de la fourmariérite, de la parsonsite, de la dumontite, et de l'ianthinite. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie, 49 (3). 136-140 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1926.4309
Palache, Charles (1934) Crystallography of the uranium oxides. American Mineralogist, 19 (7) 309-315
Frondel, Clifford (1958) Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. Bulletin 1064. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b1064 pp.208-211
Mereiter, K. (1979) The crystal structure of curite, [Pb6.56(H2O,OH)4] [(UO2)8O8(OH)6]2. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 26 (4) 279-292 doi:10.1007/bf01089842
Taylor, J.C., Stuart, W.I., Mumme, I.A. (1981) The crystal structure of curite. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 43 (10) 2419-2423 doi:10.1016/0022-1902(81)80273-4
Čejka, Jiři, Muck, Alexander, Urbanec, Zdeněk, Čejka, Jiři (1985) Thermal and infrared spectrum analyses of curite. Thermochimica Acta, 93. 637-640 doi:10.1016/0040-6031(85)85160-1
Li, Y., Burns, P. C. (2000) Investigations of crystal-chemical variability in lead uranyl oxide hydrates. I. Curite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38 (3) 727-735 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.38.3.727
Jambor, John L., Kovalenker, Vladimir A., Roberts, Andrew C. (2001) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 86 (3). 376-379
Burns, Peter C. (2005) U6+ minerals and inorganic compounds: insights into an expanded structural hierarchy of crystal structures. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (6) 1839-1894 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.1839
Kubatko, K.-A., Helean, K., Navrotsky, A., Burns, P. C. (2006) Thermodynamics of uranyl minerals: Enthalpies of formation of uranyl oxide hydrates. American Mineralogist, 91 (4) 658-666 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1856
Schindler, M., Mandaliev, P., Hawthorne, F. C., Putnis, A. (2006) Dissolution of uranyl-oxide-hydroxy-hydrate minerals. I. Curite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44 (2) 415-431 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.2.415
Frost, Ray L., Čejka, Jiří, Ayoko, Godwin A., Weier, Matt L. (2007) Vibrational spectroscopic study of hydrated uranyl oxide: Curite. Polyhedron, 26 (14). 3724-3730 doi:10.1016/j.poly.2007.04.023
Localities for Curite
Showing 72 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Isobe et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Frost et al. (2007) | |
| Henry et al. (1999) | |
| Econ Geol (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Henry et al. (2005) |
| Brugger et al. (2011) |
Brazil | |
| Pires et al. (2014) |
Canada | |
| Tyson (1989) |
| Traill (1983) |
| Reiner Mielke 2013 | |
| Sabina (1972) |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| - (1993) |
| Petr Pauliš | |
DR Congo (TL) | |
| edit.africamuseum.be (n.d.) +2 other references |
| KMMA +2 other references | |
| KMMA |
| |
| |
| |
| Wilson (2018) | |
Egypt | |
| Shalaby et al. (2002) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| J. Chervet and G. Branche : ... |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
| Patureau et al. (2011) |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
Gabon | |
| Chuck Adan collection. |
Germany | |
| Markl et al. (2011) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Collection Elmar Lackner. Analytical ... |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Aufschluss 69/ (7+8) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
| GEODA 2004 |
India | |
| Singh et al. (2015) |
Iran | |
| Iranmanesh et al. (2018) |
Italy | |
| Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti ... |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-5380 |
| Larsen. A.O. & Åsheim (2008) |
Russia | |
| [var: Thorian Curite] Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
| Chernyshev et al. (2019) | |
South Africa | |
| Fuchs et al. (2015) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
Sweden | |
| Löfvendahl (1981) |
Tajikistan | |
| Гецева et al. (1956) |
USA | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Winchell (1914) |
| Personal collection and XRD analysis by ... |
| Seaman (1956) +1 other reference |
| New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral ... |
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Swambo Hill, Kambove Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo