Becquerelite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Becquerelite
Antoine Henri Becquerel
Formula:
Ca(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 8H2O
Colour:
Amber-yellow, golden to lemon-yellow, yellow-orange, brownish yellow; yellow in transmitted light
Lustre:
Adamantine, Greasy
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
5.09 - 5.2
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in honor of Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852, Paris, France – 25 August 1908, Le Croisic, Brittany, France), a physicist who discovered radioactivity in 1896. Among many honors, he was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie.
Highly stable in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. At intermediate H2O2 concentrations, it is the second most stable phase after schoepite. At high concentrations of H2O2, the stability path is as follows: studtite, schoepite, metaschoepite, becquerelite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
597
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:597:7
IMA Classification of Becquerelite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca(U6+O2)6O4(OH)6·8H2O
First published:
1922
Classification of Becquerelite
4.GB.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
G : Uranyl Hydroxides
B : With additional cations (K, Ca, Ba, Pb, etc.); with mainly UO2(O,OH)5 pentagonal polyhedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
G : Uranyl Hydroxides
B : With additional cations (K, Ca, Ba, Pb, etc.); with mainly UO2(O,OH)5 pentagonal polyhedra
5.7.1.2
5 : OXIDES CONTAINING URANIUM OR THORIUM
7 : AX6O19·xH2O
5 : OXIDES CONTAINING URANIUM OR THORIUM
7 : AX6O19·xH2O
7.16.11
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
16 : Oxides of U
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
16 : Oxides of U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bqr | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Becquerelite
Adamantine, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Amber-yellow, golden to lemon-yellow, yellow-orange, brownish yellow; yellow in transmitted light
Streak:
Yellow
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {001}; imperfect on {101}, {010} and {110}
on {001}; imperfect on {101}, {010} and {110}
Density:
5.09 - 5.2 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.1 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Becquerelite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.725 - 1.735 nβ = 1.815 - 1.825 nγ = 1.825 - 1.83
2V:
Measured: 32°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.095 - 0.100
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v, marked
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = colourless to pale yellow, Y = Z = yellow to deep yellow; Orientation: X = c, Y = a, Z = b
Chemistry of Becquerelite
Mindat Formula:
Ca(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 8H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Pb
Crystallography of Becquerelite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mm2 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
Pna21
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.8378 Å, b = 12.3781 Å, c = 14.9238 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.118 : 1 : 1.206
Unit Cell V:
2,556.23 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals usually tabular on {001}, with a pseudohexagonal outline, also prismatic, elongated along [010] into thick laths; striations parallel to [100] on {010}; also as coatings and fine-grained aggregates.
Twinning:
On {110}, polysynthetic, producing pseudohexagonal aggregates.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001132 | Becquerelite | Pagoaga M K, Appleman D E, Stewart J M (1987) Crystal structures and crystal chemistry of the uranyl oxide hydrates becquerelite, billietite, and protasite American Mineralogist 72 1230-1238 |  | 1987 | Shaba, Zaire | 0 | 293 |
| 0012079 | Becquerelite | Piret-Meunier J, Piret P (1982) Nouvelle determination de la structure cristalline de la bequerelite Bulletin de Mineralogie 105 606-610 | 1982 | Shinkolobwe, Shaba, Zaire | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002790 | Becquerelite | Burns P C, Li Y (2002) The structures of becquerelite and Sr-exchanged becquerelite put occ in tables American Mineralogist 87 550-557 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002789 | Becquerelite | Burns P C, Li Y (2002) The structures of becquerelite and Sr-exchanged becquerelite American Mineralogist 87 550-557 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.50 Å | (10) |
| 3.22 Å | (9) |
| 3.75 Å | (8) |
| 3.56 Å | (8) |
| 2.58 Å | (7) |
| 4.71 Å | (6) |
| 1.943 Å | (5) |
Comments:
Recorded on material from Shaba Province, Congo
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 27 : Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47f : [Uranyl (U⁶⁺) minerals] |
Geological Setting:
In oxidized portions of uranium deposits; also in pegmatites
Type Occurrence of Becquerelite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Fairly well formed, brownish yellow crystals to 0.45 mm.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France (No. 122.135)
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Among weathering products of uraninite in the oxidized portions of a uranium deposit
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Becquerelite
Other Language Names for Becquerelite
Dutch:Becquereliet
French:Becquerèlite
German:Becquerelit
Beckerelit
Beckerelit
Russian:Беккерелит
Spanish:Beckerelita
Becquerelita
Becquerelita
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 54 photos of Becquerelite associated with Uraninite | UO2 |
| 32 photos of Becquerelite associated with Uranophane | Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 18 photos of Becquerelite associated with Fourmarierite | Pb(UO2)4O3(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 12 photos of Becquerelite associated with Schoepite | (UO2)8O2(OH)12 · 12H2O |
| 10 photos of Becquerelite associated with Rutherfordine | (UO2)CO3 |
| 10 photos of Becquerelite associated with Curite | Pb3(H2O)2[(UO2)4O4(OH)3]2 |
| 9 photos of Becquerelite associated with Billietite | Ba(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 4-8H2O |
| 9 photos of Becquerelite associated with Studtite | [(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2] · H2O |
| 9 photos of Becquerelite associated with Wölsendorfite | Pb7(UO2)14O19(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8 photos of Becquerelite associated with Lepersonnite-(Gd) | Ca(Gd,Dy)2(UO2)24(SiO4)4(CO3)8(OH)24 · 48H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.GB.05 | Rameauite | K2Ca(UO2)6O6(OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 4.GB.05 | Agrinierite | K2(Ca,Sr)[(UO2)3O3(OH)2]2 · 5H2O |
| 4.GB.05 | Compreignacite | K2(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 7H2O |
| 4.GB.10 | Billietite | Ba(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 4-8H2O |
| 4.GB.10 | Protasite | Ba(UO2)3O3(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 4.GB.15 | Richetite | (Fe3+,Mg)Pb 8.6(UO2)36O36(OH)24 · 41H2O |
| 4.GB.20 | Calciouranoite | (Ca,Ba,Pb)U2O7 · 5H2O |
| 4.GB.20 | Bauranoite | Ba(UO2)2(OH)6 · 1-2H2O |
| 4.GB.20 | Metacalciouranoite | (Ca,Ba,Pb,K2)U2O7 · 2H2O |
| 4.GB.25 | Fourmarierite | Pb(UO2)4O3(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 4.GB.30 | Wölsendorfite | Pb7(UO2)14O19(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 4.GB.35 | Masuyite | Pb(UO2)3O3(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 4.GB.40 | Vandendriesscheite | PbU7O22 · 12H2O |
| 4.GB.40 | Metavandendriesscheite | PbU7O22 · nH2O n < 12 |
| 4.GB.45 | Vandenbrandeite | Cu(UO2)(OH)4 |
| 4.GB.50 | Sayrite | Pb2(UO2)5O6(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 4.GB.55 | Curite | Pb3(H2O)2[(UO2)4O4(OH)3]2 |
| 4.GB.60 | Iriginite | (UO2)Mo2O7 · 3H2O |
| 4.GB.65 | Uranosphaerite | Bi(UO2)O2(OH) |
| 4.GB.70 | Holfertite | CaxU6+2-xTi(O8-xOH4x) · 3H2O |
| 4.GB.75 | Carlosbarbosaite | (UO2)2Nb2O6(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 4.GB.80 | Gauthierite | KPb[(UO2)7O5(OH)7] · 8H2O |
| 4.GB.85 | Kroupaite | KPb0.5[(UO2)8O4(OH)10] · 10H2O |
| 4.GB.90 | Leesite | K(H2O)2[(UO2)4O2(OH)5] · 3H2O |
| 4.GB.95 | Shinkolobweite | Pb1.333[U5+O(OH)(UO2)5O4.67(OH)5.33](H2O)5 |
| 4.GB.95 | Nollmotzite | Mg[U5+(U6+O2)2O4F3] · 4H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 72.4811% | 18,120,275 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 0.0000% | 0 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Becquerelite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-597.html
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References for Becquerelite
Reference List:
Schoep, Alfred (1923) Sur la forme cristalline de la becquerélite et de la schoepite ; sur leur composition chimique et sur le polymorphisme de l'hydroxyde d'uranium UO3.2H2O. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 46 (1) 9-18 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1923.3804
Schoep, Alfred (1924) Recherches sur la becquerelite et sur la schoepite ; mesures de cristaux, analyse chimique, déshydratation. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 47 (5) 147-157 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1924.3944
Billiet, Valère (1926) Détermination des indices de réfraction de la becquerélite, de la curite, de la kasolite, de la fourmariérite, de la parsonsite, de la dumontite, et de l'ianthinite. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie, 49 (3). 136-140 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1926.4309
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry (1933) Oxidation products of pitchblende from Bear Lake. American Mineralogist, 18 (1) 20-24
Palache, Charles (1934) Crystallography of the uranium oxides. American Mineralogist, 19 (7) 309-315
Schoep, Alfred, Stradiot, Sadi (1948) Additional data on the properties of becquerelite and billietite. American Mineralogist, 33 (7-8) 503-507
Frondel, Judith W., Cuttitta, Frank (1953) Studies of uranium minerals (XII) : The status of billietite and Becquerelite. American Mineralogist, 38 (11-12) 1019-1024
Frondel, Clifford (1958) Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. Bulletin 1064. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b1064 pp.62-68
Christ, C. L., Clark, J. R. (1960) Crystal chemical studies of some uranyl oxide hydrates. American Mineralogist, 45 (9-10) 1026-1061
Piret-Meunier, Jacqueline, Piret, Paul (1982) Nouvelle détermination de la structure cristalline de la becquerélite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 105 (6) 606-610 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1982.7641
Pagoaga, M. Katherine, Appleman, Daniel E., Stewart, James M. (1987) Crystal structures and crystal chemistry of the uranyl oxide hydrates becquerelite, billietite, and protasite. American Mineralogist, 72 (11-12) 1230-1238
Vochten, R., Van Haverbeke, L. (1990) Transformation of schoepite into the uranyl oxide hydrates: Becquerelite, billietite and wölsendorfite. Mineralogy and Petrology, 43 (1) 65-72 doi:10.1007/bf01164222
Burns, Peter C., Li, Yaping (2002) The structures of becquerelite and Sr-exchanged becquerelite. American Mineralogist, 87 (4) 550-557 doi:10.2138/am-2002-0418
Glatz, R. E., Li, Y., Hughes, K.-A., Cahill, C. L., Burns, P. C. (2002) Synthesis and structure of a new Ca uranyl oxide hydrate, Ca[(UO2)4O3(OH)4](H2O)2, and its relationship to becquerelite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40 (1) 217-224 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.40.1.217
Amayri, S., Arnold, T., Foerstendorf, H., Geipel, G., Bernhard, G. (2004) Spectroscopic characterization of synthetic becquerelite, Ca[UO2)6O4(OH)6]·8H2O, and swartzite, CaMg[UO2(CO3)3]·12H2O. The Canadian Mineralogist, 42 (4) 953-962 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.42.4.953
Burns, Peter C. (2005) U6+ minerals and inorganic compounds: insights into an expanded structural hierarchy of crystal structures. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (6) 1839-1894 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.1839
Kubatko, K.-A., Helean, K., Navrotsky, A., Burns, P. C. (2006) Thermodynamics of uranyl minerals: Enthalpies of formation of uranyl oxide hydrates. American Mineralogist, 91 (4) 658-666 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1856
Schindler, M., Hawthorne, F. C., Burns, P. C., Maurice, P. A. (2006) Dissolution of uranyl-oxide-hydroxy-hydrate minerals. II. Becquerelite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44 (5) 1207-1225 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.5.1207
Localities for Becquerelite
Showing 121 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Lucero et al. (1963) |
| Lucero et al. (1963) | |
| American Mineralogist: 46: 12-25. +1 other reference | |
| Las Especies Minerales de La Republica ... |
Australia | |
| Henry et al. (2005) |
| Henry et al. (2005) | |
Austria | |
| Paar et al. (1978) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Brazil | |
| Pires et al. (2014) |
Canada | |
| Tyson (1989) |
| Nova Scotia Natural Resources Mineral ... |
| Cloutier et al. (2009) |
| Rich et al. (1977) | |
| Anthony (1997) | |
| Anthony (1997) |
China | |
| Long Lu et al. (2006) |
| Zhao et al. (2026) |
Czech Republic | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Pauliš et al. (2004) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
DR Congo (TL) | |
| Schoep (1922) +1 other reference |
| Deliens (1996) |
| Anthony et al. (2003) | |
| Anthony et al. (2003) | |
| Deliens (1992) | |
| Wilson (2018) |
Egypt | |
| Hussein et al. (1988) |
France | |
| - (1998) |
| J.-J. Périchaud: "Où trouver les minéraux d'Auvergne" et al. (Clermont-Ferrand) | |
| - (1998) |
| Patrice Queneau Collection. Visual ... |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2000) |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
| "minéraux uranifères +1 other reference |
| Personal Collection |
| Bariand et al. (1993) +2 other references |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
| Aufschluss 69/ (7+8) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Anthony (1997) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Zsombor Eva |
Italy | |
| Vignola P. et al. (2011) |
| De Michele V. (1979) |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
| Campostrini et al. (2006) |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1963) | |
| Behier (1960) |
Mexico | |
| Econ Geol (1991) +1 other reference |
Namibia | |
| Bowell et al. (2017) |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
Peru | |
| Li (2016) |
Poland | |
| Kucha (2021) |
| Syczewski et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Kucha (2021) |
Romania | |
| Szakáll:Minerals of Carpathians |
Russia | |
| Aleshin et al. (2007) |
Slovakia | |
| Ferenc et al. (2018) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Gonzalez del Tánago (1985) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Alysson Rowan collection +2 other references |
USA | |
| Frondel (1956) +4 other references |
| Frondel (1956) +4 other references | |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Robert B. Scarborough (1981) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Dickinson +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Gross (1965) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) +1 other reference |
| Personal collection and XRD analysis by ... |
| |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| Anthony (1997) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference | |
| Finch et al. (1997) |
| Finch et al. (1997) | |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference |
| Finch et al. (1997) |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Rocks & Min.:10:147 & 60:112 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references | |
| USGS Circular 336 +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Joe Marty photo | |
| Yedlin (1971) | |
| Desor (11/2020) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| USGS MRDS Database | |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
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Shinkolobwe Mine, Shinkolobwe, Kambove Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo