ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ (1880?โ€“1921)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Joseph Luidor

    ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจ ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขืžื• ื‘ื›ืดื’ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืคืดื, 1 ื‘ืžืื™ 1921, ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœื•ื“ื–ืณ, ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ (ืœืคื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื”) ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ึพ1880. ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืŸ-ื—ื™.  ืชืžื”ื•ื ื™, ื—ื•ืœืžื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื”. ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืคื ื™ื• ื™ืคื™ื, ืฉืขืจื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ (ืืฃ ืฉืฆืœืข ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•) ื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ; ืืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ืฉืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืœืขื’ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื—ืกื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื ื˜ืฉ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืคื• ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช: ื›ืชื  ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ืขืกืง ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืขืชืงืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื - ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื™ืดื— ื‘ืจื ืจ. ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืคืจื ืกื•ื”ื• ืจืง ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ, ื•ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืŸ ืœื™ืœื”-ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืดื”ื‘ื•ื ื”ืด ืœื™ื“ ืคืกื™-ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืขื ื—ืฉื›ื” ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืจืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื™ื—ื‘ื. ื›ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืจื ืจ ืœื™ืคื•, ืœืงื—ื• ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื ื’ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืฆืงืจ ืฉื‘ืคืจื“ืก, ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืคื• ืœืžืงื•ื•ื”-ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืืš ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื” ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช. ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื›ืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข. ืขืœ ืชื•ืžืก ื’ืœืŸ, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืดืžืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืขืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื. ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื ื”ื“ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื•, ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืืœื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืขืกืงื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืฃ ื‘ืฆืข, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื›ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื...ืด. ืœื ืคืœื ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื–ื•, ืฉื‘ื• ืจืื” ืกืžืœ ืœืื“ื, ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื—ืจืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ; ืื•ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืื‘ื“ื•. ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืดื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”ืด, ืดื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ืด, ืดื”ืชื•ืจืŸืด, ืดื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจืด ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืจืฆื• ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื•, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ืดื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืคืดื, 1 ื‘ืžืื™ 1921, ื”ืชื ืคืœื• ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆืงืจ ื•ืจืฆื—ื• ืืช ืฉืฉืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืœื ื ืžืฆืื”. ื‘ืงื‘ืจ-ื”ืื—ื™ื ืืณ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976 ื›ื•ื ืกื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ืดืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื“ืžื•ืชื•ืด ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ ืœื ื“ืื•.


ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืืชืจ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื—ืœืœื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ื›ื™ื ืก ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื ื“ื‘ ืœื ื“ืื• (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1976)
  • ื™ื•ืืฉ : ืฆื™ื•ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื—ืง, ืชืฉืคืดื‘ 2021) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” โ€“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื–ืŸ>
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืขื–ืจ, ืื”ื•ื“.  ืดืคื” ืœืฆืžืื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœืด : ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื”, ื’ืœืณ 2 (ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืœืดื–, ื™ื•ืœื™ 1977), ืขืžืณ 119โ€“127.
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืขื–ืจ, ืื”ื•ื“.  ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืืกืชืจ ืจืื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ.  ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 255 (2001), ืขืžืณ 17โ€“20 <ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืขืœื ืฉืœ ืืกืชืจ ืจืื‘, ื•ื‘ืจื ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœ. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ืงื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืจ, ืืกืชืจ ืจืื‘, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืฅ> <ืคื•ืจืกื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืขื–ืจ, ื’ืœืณ 899 (ื˜ืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืขืดื“, 12 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2013)>
  • ื”ืจืืœ, ืžืขื™ืŸ.  ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™, ืฆืžื—.  ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื”: ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื’ื•ื. ืžืœื” ืžืžืืจืช. ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืคื’ื•ืžื” : ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ืชืฉืกืดื— 2008), ืขืžืณ 42โ€“82 <ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืžืณ 49โ€“62>
  • ื™ืจื“ื ื™, ื™ืฉืจืืœ.  ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืฉื›ื—.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ืจืš 12, ื’ืœืณ 32 (ื›ืดื’ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจืฆืดื–, 2 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1937), ืขืžืณ 6.
  • ืœื ื“ืื•, ื“ื‘. ืžื‘ื•ื: ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื“ืžื•ืชื•.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1976), ืขืžืณ 5โ€“38.
  • ืงื“ืจ, ื™ืื™ืจ.  ืฆืขื™ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ, ืฉืชืงืŸ, ืจื•ืคืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื“ืณ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืกืดื’, 6 ื‘ืžืื™ 2003, ืขืžืณ   *
  • ืงื•ืฉื ื™ืจ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ.  ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืดื“ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืœืดื•, 20 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1976, ืขืžืณ 15, 16.
  • ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืขืงื‘. ืขืœ ืžืชื™ื ื•. ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืฉื ื” 14, ื’ืœืณ 26 (ื›ืดื— ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืคืดื, 6 ื‘ืžืื™ 1921), ืขืžืณ  10โ€“11.
  • ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืขืงื‘.  ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดื•, 30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1946, ืขืžืณ 5.
ืขืœ ืดื™ื•ืืฉืด
  • ื’ืœืกื ืจ, ืืจื™ืง.  ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 7 ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ืดื– ื‘ึฐึผื˜ึตื‘ึตืช ืชืฉืคืดื‘, 31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021, ืขืžืณ 18 <ืคื•ืจืกื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจื• ืžื‘ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™>
  • ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ื™ื’ืืœ. 1912 - ืดื™ื•ืืฉืด, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ืจ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื”ื™ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื— : ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2007), ืขืžืณ 161โ€“236.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL6396363A Wikidata โ€“ Q7044190 NLI โ€“ 987007293246705171 LC โ€“ no2022112782 VIAF โ€“ 255645550
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2026

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