Sylvanite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Sylvanite
Formula:
AgAuTe4
Previously written as (Ag,Au)2Te4; but Au:Ag ratio usually is close to 1:1.
Colour:
Grey, white, pale yellow silver-white
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
8.16
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1835 by Louis Albert Necker-de Saussure for the Transylvania region of Romania, where it was first found, and Sylvanium, one of the names proposed for the newly discovered element tellurium, which it contains.
Type Locality:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3849
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3849:8
Similar Names
| Sulvanite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Cu3VS4 |
| Sylvanite (of Kirwan) | A synonym of Native Tellurium | |
| Sylvinite | A rock subtype | |
| Sylvite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | KCl |
IMA Classification of Sylvanite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Sylvanite
2.EA.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
A : M:S = 1:2 - With Cu, Ag, Au
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
A : M:S = 1:2 - With Cu, Ag, Au
2.12.13.3
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
3.3.9
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
3 : Sulphides etc. of Au
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
3 : Sulphides etc. of Au
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Syv | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Syl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Sylvanite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
Usually very bright
Colour:
Grey, white, pale yellow silver-white
Streak:
Silver-white
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=154 - 172 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {010}
on {010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
8.16 g/cm3 (Measured) 8.161 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Sylvanite
Anisotropism:
Very strong
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 43.2% | 53.6% |
| 420nm | 45.4% | 55.9% |
| 440nm | 47.7% | 57.9% |
| 460nm | 49.7% | 59.6% |
| 480nm | 50.9% | 60.8% |
| 500nm | 51.8% | 61.8% |
| 520nm | 52.3% | 62.6% |
| 540nm | 52.5% | 62.9% |
| 560nm | 52.5% | 63.0% |
| 580nm | 52.5% | 63.0% |
| 600nm | 52.6% | 62.9% |
| 620nm | 52.8% | 62.7% |
| 640nm | 53.0% | 62.4% |
| 660nm | 53.3% | 62.2% |
| 680nm | 53.6% | 62.2% |
| 700nm | 54.1% | 62.4% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 63.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Creamy white
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
Cream white to leather brown.
Chemistry of Sylvanite
Mindat Formula:
AgAuTe4
Previously written as (Ag,Au)2Te4; but Au:Ag ratio usually is close to 1:1.
Previously written as (Ag,Au)2Te4; but Au:Ag ratio usually is close to 1:1.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Sb,Pb,Cu,Ni
Crystallography of Sylvanite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.95(1) Å, b = 4.478(5) Å, c = 14.62(2) Å
β = 145.35(5)°
β = 145.35(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.999 : 1 : 3.265
Unit Cell V:
333.14 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Short prismatic, thick tabular, skeletal, bladed, columnar, granular.
Twinning:
Common on {100}
Crystallographic forms of Sylvanite
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
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Sylvanite - {100}, {010}, {-101}, {-103}, highly modified
Sylvanite - {100}, {010}, {101}, highly modified
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000029 | Sylvanite | Tunell G (1941) The atomic arrangement of sylvanite American Mineralogist 26 457-477 |  | 1941 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.36 Å | (5) |
| 5.09 Å | (10) |
| 4.53 Å | (5) |
| 3.98 Å | (10) |
| 3.83 Å | (10) |
| 3.17 Å | (5) |
| 3.05 Å | (100) |
| 2.47 Å | (5) |
| 2.39 Å | (5) |
| 2.25 Å | (30) |
| 2.14 Å | (50) |
| 2.12 Å | (10) |
| 2.08 Å | (10) |
| 1.988 Å | (30) |
| 1.840 Å | (10) |
| 1.796 Å | (20) |
| 1.754 Å | (5) |
| 1.717 Å | (10) |
| 1.646 Å | (5) |
| 1.574 Å | (5) |
| 1.522 Å | (20) |
| 1.496 Å | (5) |
| 1.470 Å | (5) |
| 1.418 Å | (10) |
| 1.414 Å | (10) |
| 1.364 Å | (10) |
| 1.347 Å | (10) |
| 1.322 Å | (5) |
| 1.275 Å | (5) |
| 1.235 Å | (5) |
| 1.221 Å | (10) |
| 1.192 Å | (10) |
| 1.138 Å | (5) |
| 1.086 Å | (5) |
| 1.051 Å | (5) |
| 1.022 Å | (10) |
| 1.001 Å | (5) |
Comments:
ICDD 9-477
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
Low-temperature hydrothermal veins. Late forming mineral in medium to high-temperature hydrothermal veins.
Type Occurrence of Sylvanite
Synonyms of Sylvanite
Other Language Names for Sylvanite
Dutch:Sylvaniet
German:Sylvanit
Aurotellurit
Goldschmidtit (of Hobbs)
Goldtellur
Schrifterz
Weißgolderz
Weisstellur
Silvanerz (in part)
Weißsilvanerz (in part)
Aurotellurit
Goldschmidtit (of Hobbs)
Goldtellur
Schrifterz
Weißgolderz
Weisstellur
Silvanerz (in part)
Weißsilvanerz (in part)
Russian:Сильванит
Spanish:Aurotellurita
Sylvanita
Sylvanita
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 217 photos of Sylvanite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 61 photos of Sylvanite associated with Native Gold | Au |
| 50 photos of Sylvanite associated with Hessite | Ag2Te |
| 47 photos of Sylvanite associated with Coloradoite | HgTe |
| 40 photos of Sylvanite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 35 photos of Sylvanite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 26 photos of Sylvanite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 26 photos of Sylvanite associated with Native Tellurium | Te |
| 24 photos of Sylvanite associated with Altaite | PbTe |
| 21 photos of Sylvanite associated with Petzite | Ag3AuTe2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.EA. | Radvaniceite | GeS2 |
| 2.EA. | Zavyalovite | Ag2TeS3 |
| 2.EA.10 | Calaverite | AuTe2 |
| 2.EA.15 | Kostovite | CuAuTe4 |
| 2.EA.15 | Krennerite | Au3AgTe8 |
| 2.EA.20 | Melonite | NiTe2 |
| 2.EA.20 | Merenskyite | PdTe2 |
| 2.EA.20 | Ognitite | NiBiTe |
| 2.EA.20 | Shuangfengite | IrTe2 |
| 2.EA.20 | Berndtite | SnS2 |
| 2.EA.20 | Sudovikovite | PtSe2 |
| 2.EA.20 | Kitkaite | NiTeSe |
| 2.EA.20 | Moncheite | Pt(Te,Bi)2 |
| 2.EA.25 | Verbeekite | PdSe2 |
| 2.EA.30 | Drysdallite | MoSe2 |
| 2.EA.30 | Jordisite | MoS2 |
| 2.EA.30 | Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| 2.EA.30 | Tungstenite | WS2 |
| 2.EA.40 | Pampaloite | AuSbTe |
Fluorescence of Sylvanite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Sylvanite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3849.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Sylvanite
Reference List:
Klaproth, M. H. (1802) LLXXIII. Chemische Untersuchung der siebenbürgischen Golderze, B. Schrifterz. In Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper Vol. 3. Rottmann. p.16-19.
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1830) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 1 - Tome Premier [Volume One]. Chez Verdière. pp.542-543
Schrauf, A. (1878) XVII. Ueber die Tellurerze Siebenbürgens. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 2 (1) 209-252 doi:10.1524/zkri.1878.2.1.209
Spencer, L. J. (1903) Mineralogical notes on Western Australian Tellurides: the non-existence of ‘Kalgoorlite’ and ‘Coolgardite’ as mineral species. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 13 (61) 268-290 doi:10.1180/minmag.1903.13.61.07 p.271
Short, M. N. (1937) Etch tests on calaverite, krennerite, and sylvanite. American Mineralogist, 22 (5) 667-674
Tunell, George, Ksanda, C. J. (1937) The space-group and unit cell of sylvanite. American Mineralogist, 22 (5) 728-730
Thompson, R. M. (1949) The telluride minerals and their occurrence in Canada. American Mineralogist, 34 (5-6) 341-382
Tunnell, G., Pauling, L. (1952) The atomic arrangement and bonds of the gold–silver ditellurides. Acta Crystallographica, 5 (3) 375-381 doi:10.1107/s0365110x52001106
Cabri, Louis J. (1965) Phase relations in the Au-Ag-Te systems and their mineralogical significance. Economic Geology, 60 (8) 1569-1606 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.60.8.1569
Kelly, William C.; Goddard, Edwin N. (1969) Telluride Ores of Boulder County, Colorado. GSA Memoir 109. Geological Society of America doi:10.1130/mem109
Amelinckx, S., Van Tendeloo, G., Gregoriades, P., Amelinckx, S. (1983) Electron microscopic studies of modulated structures in (Au,Ag)Te2: Part II. Sylvanite AgAuTe4. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 50. 335-361 doi:10.1016/0022-4596(83)90204-9
Pertlik, F. (1984) Kristallchemie natürlicher Telluride I: Verfeinerung der Kristallstruktur des Sylvanits, AuAgTe4. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 33 (3) 203-212 doi:10.1007/bf01081381
Wagner, F. E., Sawicki, J. A., Friedl, J., Mandarino, J. A., Harris, D. C., Cabri, L. J. (1994) 197Au Mössbauer study of the gold–silver ditellurides sylvanite, krennerite and calaverite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 32 (1) 189-201
Stanek, J. (1995) 197Au Mössbauer study of the gold-silver ditellurides sylvanite, krennerite and calaverite: discussion. The Canadian Mineralogist, 33 (1) 185
Wagner, F. E., Sawicki, J. A., Friedl, J. (1995) 197Au Mössbauer study of the gold-silver ditellurides sylvanite, krennerite and calaverite: reply. The Canadian Mineralogist, 33 (1) 187-188
Cook, Robert B. (2005) Connoisseur's Choice: Sylvanite, Vindicator Mine, Cripple Creek, Teller County, Colorado. Rocks & Minerals, 80 (5) 344-348 doi:10.3200/rmin.80.5.344-348
Kitahara, Ginga, Yoshiasa, Akira, Tokuda, Makoto, Nespolo, Massimo, Hongu, Hidetomo, Momma, Koichi, Miyawaki, Ritsuro, Sugiyama, Kazumasa (2022) Crystal structure, XANES and charge distribution investigation of krennerite and sylvanite: analysis of Au—Te and Te—Te bonds in Au1–xAgxTe2 group minerals. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 78 (2) 117-132 doi:10.1107/S2052520622000804
Localities for Sylvanite
Showing 459 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference |
| PUTZ +1 other reference | |
| PUTZ +1 other reference | |
| Paar et al. (2005, January) |
| Brodtkorb et al. (1999) | |
| Brotkorb (2002) +2 other references | |
| De Brodtkorb (2009) | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference |
| De Brodtkorb (2009) |
| Esquivel et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
Armenia | |
| Kovalenker et al. (1990) |
| Kolpakova et al. (2001) +2 other references | |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
| Kukulyan (1988) |
Australia | |
| Gilligan (1975) |
| Exploration and Mining Geology +5 other references |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
| Lawrence (2000) |
| Ehrig et al. (2023) |
| McCuaig (1997) |
| Spencer (1903) | |
| Shackleton et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson et al. (1948) | |
| Simpson et al. (1948) | |
| Simon et al. (1997) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Mueller et al. (2020) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Spaggiari et al. (2011) |
Austria | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Auer (1995) | |
Azerbaijan | |
| - (2005) |
Belarus | |
| Корулин (1976) |
Brazil | |
| Grandjean da Costa et al. (2019) |
Bulgaria | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Bonev +6 other references |
| Bogdanov et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| minfile.gov.bc.ca (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| personal correspondence with Giles ... +1 other reference |
| Harry |
| Sabina (1972) |
| RIDLAND (1941) |
| Coleman (1953) | |
| RIDLAND (1941) | |
| MDI Number: MDI42A09SE00012 |
| Dana 7:I:340 +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1974) +1 other reference |
| MDI Number: MDI52N04SW00020 |
| MDI Number: MDI52N04SW00017 | |
| Dana 6:1100. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 24:26. |
| Engineering and Mining Journal (1913) | |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Krushnisky et al. (2023) | |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Legault et al. (2006) |
Chile | |
| Gibbons (2018) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| "Faja de mineralización de oro +2 other references |
| Anglo American plc |
| Velásquez +4 other references | |
China | |
| Cui et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Yanhe Cui et al. (1994) |
| Shiqi Wang et al. (1985) |
| Wang et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Shiqi Wang et al. (1985) |
| Jun Lü et al. (2009) +10 other references |
| Zhang et al. (2026) |
| Yongwei Huang et al. (2008) |
| Jianong Zhao et al. (1997) |
| Junxian Wang et al. (2011) | |
| Yang et al. (2024) |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) +1 other reference |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Liu et al. (2020) |
| preprint | |
| Chang et al. (2022) | |
| Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1999) +2 other references |
| Shen et al. (2025) |
| Qiangzhi Li et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Nie et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Jianming Wang et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| USGS Open-File Report 03-220 |
| Handong Qian et al. (2000) |
| Changfu Chen et al. (1999) |
| Deping Zhu et al. (2001) | |
| Jianwei Li et al. (2010) |
| Bangguo Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Zheng et al. (2021) |
| Minqing Cheng et al. (1993) |
| Huiliang Xiao et al. (2002) |
| Fuqiang Wu and Shengyue Liang (2011) |
| Zaw et al. (2007) |
Cuba | |
| López K Jesús M. et al. (2006) |
Czech Republic | |
| Small and microscopical minerals |
| Dolníček et al. (2019) |
Egypt | |
| Osman et al. (2002) |
| Helmy (2005) |
Ethiopia | |
| Tribolo et al. (2017) |
Fiji | |
| 16th Australian Geological Convention +1 other reference |
| Naden +6 other references |
Finland | |
| Poutiainen et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Aye et al. (1978) |
| Aye et al. (1978) | |
| Aye et al. (1978) | |
Georgia | |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) |
Germany | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
Ghana | |
| Bowell et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Panagiotis Voudouris & Paul Spry (2008) +2 other references |
| M. Tarkian et al. (1991) +2 other references |
| Voudouris et al. (2007) |
| Voudouris et al. (2022) |
| Voudouris et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Voudouris +3 other references | |
| Tombros et al. (2004) +4 other references |
Guatemala | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Guyana | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
Hungary | |
| |
| Koch (1985) |
India | |
| Ahmed et al. (2018) |
Indonesia | |
| Mulja et al. (2022) |
| Syaban et al. (2024) |
| Hartiningsih et al. (2022) |
| Kieft et al. (1973) |
Italy | |
| Ruggieri et al. (1997) |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al. (2008) |
| 石橋正夫. (1956) +6 other references |
| Ishibashi (1960) +2 other references | |
| Yosimura (1939) +1 other reference | |
| Ishibashi (1960) |
| Ishibashi (1960) +1 other reference |
| Galena et al. (216) +1 other reference |
| Maki et al. (1990) |
| - (n.d.) +3 other references |
| Ishibashi (1960) +1 other reference | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Spiridonov (2014) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +3 other references |
| Глоба В.А. Месторождение Манка - новый геолого-промышленный тип месторождений золота. // Изв. НАН РК et al. (403) |
| KAZ Minerals |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| homepage.usask.ca (2001) +1 other reference |
Mali | |
| Randgold Resources |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Myanmar | |
| Cho Cho Aye and Ye Myint Swe (2014) |
New Zealand | |
| 7 +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Serafimovski et al. (2015) |
| Serafimovski et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Choi et al. (2026) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Lindley (1998) |
| K92 Mining |
Peru | |
| Alfonso et al. (2023) |
Philippines | |
| Callow et al. (1965) +1 other reference |
| Fermor 2011: Ore Deposits in an ... |
Portugal | |
| |
Romania (TL) | |
| Wilson (1982) +2 other references |
| Klaproth (1802) | |
| Rădulescu Dan |
| Tamas +5 other references |
| Tămaş et al. (2014) | |
| Tămaș et al. (2024) |
| Afifi et al. (1988) +4 other references |
| G. Cioflica et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Apopei et al. (2016) |
| Săbău et al. (2016) | |
| Afifi et al. (1988) +4 other references | |
| Cristeastan et al. (2012) |
Russia | |
| Maslennikov et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Vikentyev (2015) |
| Chernyshov et al. (2009, November) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Vikent’eva +6 other references |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2020) | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2014) | |
| Spiridonov et al. (the South Urals) +3 other references | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2020) |
| Vikentyev et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Maslennikov et al. (2013) | |
| Damdinov et al. (2016) |
| Andreeva et al. (2013) +2 other references |
| Kozlov et al. (n.d.) +4 other references |
| Strelnikov M. V. et al. (2025) | |
| Pekov et al. (2026) | |
| Bortnikov et al. (2023) |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +1 other reference | |
| Tamara Yu. Yakich * et al. (2024) +2 other references |
| Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Kalinin (2021) |
| Компанченко А.А. |
| Vinokurov et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Simonov et al. (2006) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) | |
| Kochetkov. A. Ya. (2006) | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2023) |
| Gerasimov et al. (2025) |
| Anisimova et al. (2011) | |
| Kemkina (2007) +2 other references |
| Lehmann et al. (1999) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2023) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2025) | |
| Vikentyev et al. (2023) |
| Shaibekov et al. (2024) |
| Eremin et al. (2023) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Afifi et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
| Bosić et al. (2025) |
Sierra Leone | |
| Stenhouse et al. (2016) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Ďuďa R. (2001) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
South Korea | |
| Cook (2005) +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Cepedal et al. (2004) |
| Cepedal et al. (2021) | |
Sweden | |
| Billström et al. (2022) |
| Alm et al. (1992) |
| Scherbina (1941) +3 other references |
| Ossian Åström (2015) |
| Journal of Geochemical Exploration 42 | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
Tanzania | |
| AngloGold Ashanti Limited |
Turkey | |
| Çil et al. (2026) |
UK | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Livingstone |
| The National Museum of Wales database ... |
Ukraine | |
| V. Sukach et al. (2014) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Criddle et al. (1983) +2 other references | |
| - (n.d.) |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Silliman et al. (1868a) +4 other references |
| Contributions to mineralogy +5 other references | |
| Genth F A (1868) +4 other references | |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1913) +4 other references |
| Stines (1907) +3 other references |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1913) +3 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| Tucker (1914) +4 other references |
| Silliman et al. (1868a) +1 other reference |
| Silliman et al. (1868a) +1 other reference |
| Waring (1919) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| ISBN-13: 978-1555913656 +1 other reference |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Kelly et al. (1969) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| RWMW specimem | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Moench et al. (1966) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +2 other references |
| Moench et al. (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Dana 7:I:199. |
| Dana 7:I:199 |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1980) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| R & K Metals and Mining - Bob Ross - ... +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Dana 6:1090 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| POHL et al. (1990) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Crawford (1930) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| JF Carpentier collection; see: ... | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lindgren et al. (1906) +1 other reference |
| Linda Semenyna P.Geo. (2014) |
| Betts (n.d.) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Dana 6:A1:30. | |
| Lindgren et al. (1906) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Lindgren et al. (1906) | |
| 2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals 75:339 |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Callahan et al. (1995) |
| Callahan et al. (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Winchell (1914) |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| - (2005) | |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| - (1990) +1 other reference | |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Winchell (1914) |
| Winchell (1914) | |
| Spry et al. (1996) |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Winchell (1914) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Aird et al. (2021) |
| ora K. Foley et al. (2006) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Callahan et al. (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| In the Collection of Alex Earl | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (1952) |
| Bell +1 other reference |
| Back et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| USGS Prof Paper 297F +1 other reference |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:111. |
| Rocks & Min.: 60: 111. |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Desor (02/2021) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Favreau (n.d.) | |
| In the collection of Alex Earl |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| R&M Sept/Oct +3 other references |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| R&M +5 other references |
| R&M +4 other references |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Koneev et al. (2005) |
| Kovalenker (2003) +2 other references |
| GEOCHMISTRY +9 other references | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Afifi et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
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