Stokesite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Stokesite
Sir George Gabriel Stokes
Formula:
CaSn[Si3O9] · 2H2O
Colour:
Colourless, white, light blue
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
3.185
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named after Sir George Gabriel Stokes (13 August 1819, Skreen, County Sligo, Ireland - 1 February 1903, Cambridge, England), mathematician and physicist, University of Cambridge (England), after whom is named Stokes's law, describing the force acting on a particle moving in a fluid medium.
This page provides mineralogical data about Stokesite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3793
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3793:4
IMA Classification of Stokesite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
CaSn4+Si3O9·2H2O
First published:
1899
Classification of Stokesite
9.DM.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
M : Inosilicates with 6-periodic single chains
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
M : Inosilicates with 6-periodic single chains
65.5.1.1
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
5 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=6
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
5 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=6
14.12.3
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
12 : Silicates of Sn
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
12 : Silicates of Sn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Sks | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Stokesite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
pearly on {100}
Colour:
Colourless, white, light blue
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {101}
imperfect on {100}
Perfect on {101}
imperfect on {100}
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
3.185 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.211 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Stokesite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.609 nβ = 1.613 nγ = 1.619
2V:
Measured: 69° , Calculated: 66° to 70°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v moderate
Chemistry of Stokesite
Mindat Formula:
CaSn[Si3O9] · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Stokesite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnna
Setting:
Pnna
Cell Parameters:
a = 14.465 Å, b = 11.625 Å, c = 5.235 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.244 : 1 : 0.45
Unit Cell V:
880.29 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Prismatic crystals, spherical and radial fibrous aggregates.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014440 | Stokesite | Vorma A (1963) Crystal structure of stokesite, CaSnSi3O9*2H2O Mineralogical Magazine 33 615-617 |  | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.99 Å | (100) |
| 2.89 Å | (100 broad) |
| 7.25 Å | (80) |
| 1.556 Å | (70) |
| 5.82 Å | (60) |
| 4.54 Å | (60) |
| 3.55 Å | (60) |
Comments:
Roscommon Cliff, England.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Type Occurrence of Stokesite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Cambridge University, England
Geological Setting of Type Material:
On axinite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Stokesite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 74 photos of Stokesite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 46 photos of Stokesite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 37 photos of Stokesite associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 36 photos of Stokesite associated with 'Smoky Quartz' | SiO2 |
| 22 photos of Stokesite associated with 'Stannomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' | (Sn2+,Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ta,Nb,Sn4+)2(O,OH)7 |
| 15 photos of Stokesite associated with Lepidolite | |
| 12 photos of Stokesite associated with Microlite Group | A2-mTa2X6-wZ1-n |
| 11 photos of Stokesite associated with Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 5 photos of Stokesite associated with 'Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' | |
| 5 photos of Stokesite associated with Tourmaline | AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DM. | Kesebolite-(Ce) | CeCa2Mn(AsO4)(SiO3)3 |
| 9.DM.10 | Calciohilairite | CaZr[SiO3]3 · 3H2O |
| 9.DM.10 | Pyatenkoite-(Y) | Na5YTi[SiO3]6 · 6H2O |
| 9.DM.10 | Hilairite | Na2Zr[SiO3]3 · 3H2O |
| 9.DM.10 | Komkovite | BaZr[Si3O9] · 3H2O |
| 9.DM.10 | Sazykinaite-(Y) | Na5YZr[SiO3]6 · 6H2O |
| 9.DM.15 | Plumbogaidonnayite | PbZrSi3O9 · 2H2O |
| 9.DM.15 | Gaidonnayite | Na2Zr(Si3O9) · 2H2O |
| 9.DM.15 | Georgechaoite | NaKZr[Si3O9] · 2H2O |
| 9.DM.20 | Chkalovite | Na2BeSi2O6 |
| 9.DM.25 | Vlasovite | Na2ZrSi4O11 |
| 9.DM.30 | Revdite | Na16Si16O27(OH)26 · 28H2O |
| 9.DM.35 | Scheuchzerite | Na(Mn,Mg,Zn)9[VSi9O28(OH)](OH)3 |
| 9.DM.40 | Terskite | Na4ZrSi6O16 · 2H2O |
| 9.DM.40 | Hydroterskite | Na2ZrSi6O12(OH)6 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Stokesite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3793.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Stokesite
Reference List:
Hutchinson, A. (1900) On Stokesite, a new mineral containing tin, from Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 12 (57) 274-281 doi:10.1180/minmag.1900.012.57.07
Gay, P., Rickson, K. O. (1960) X-ray data on stokesite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 32 (249) 433-435 doi:10.1180/minmag.1960.032.249.02
Čech, F. (1961) Occurrence of stokesite in Czechoslovakia. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 32 (252) 673-675 doi:10.1180/minmag.1961.032.252.01
Vorma, Atso (1963) Crystal structure of stokesite, CaSnSi3O9·2H2O. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (262) 615-617 doi:10.1180/minmag.1963.033.262.10
Černý, P. (1966) A new Czechoslovak occurrence of stokesite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 35 (274) 835-837 doi:10.1180/minmag.1966.035.274.04
Localities for Stokesite
Showing 37 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Anon (2013) |
Brazil | |
| White (1973) +3 other references |
China | |
| Yuan et al. (2017) |
Czech Republic | |
| Novák et al. (2015) |
| Novák et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Veselovskỳ et al. (2018) |
| Houzar |
| Čech (1961) +1 other reference |
| Škoda et al. (2006) +2 other references |
| Houzar et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Strübel +2 other references |
| Petr Pauliš (2001) | |
Finland | |
| Kristiansen (2023) |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
Germany | |
| Martin et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Meyer et al. (2024) |
| Trinkler (2010) |
| Kern et al. (2017) |
Japan | |
| Miyawaki et al (1987) |
| Nikao (1977) | |
| Ritsuro Miyawaki et al (2004) +1 other reference | |
Morocco | |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
| Sonnet (1981) |
Poland | |
| Mil et al. (2023) |
Portugal | |
| Ramos et al. (2024) |
Russia | |
| Voloshin and Pakhymovsky (1988) |
| |
| Voloshin and Pakhymovsky (1988) +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Tánago et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Langhof et al. (1998) |
UK | |
| Couper et al. (1977) +2 other references |
| Hutchinson (1899) +1 other reference |
| Couper et al. (1977) | |
USA | |
| - (1955) |
| www.minsocam.org +2 other references |
Vietnam | |
| Kubernátová et al. (2019) |
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Urucum claim, Barra do Cuieté, Conselheiro Pena, Minas Gerais, Brazil