Spodumene
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by John H. Kashuba, Jr.
About Spodumene
Formula:
LiAlSi2O6
Colour:
Colourless, yellow, light green, emerald-green, pink to violet, purple, white, gray
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly, Dull
Hardness:
6½ - 7
Specific Gravity:
3.1 - 3.2
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
From Greek "spodoumenos", "reduced to ashes", alluding to the grayish-white mass that is formed when the mineral is ignited.
Type Locality:
Pyroxene Group - Clinopyroxene Subgroup.
Spodumene is worked as an ore of lithium, but it is most highly prized as a gem material - the varieties Kunzite (pink) and Hiddenite (green) are especially sought after. It is usually found as a constituent of lithium-rich pegmatites. It forms crystals to 12 meters in length.
In situ high-pressure Raman spectroscopy investigation demonstrates that spodumene, after the C2/c–P21/c transformation triggered at ~3.2 GPa, can remain stable under pressures up to 19 GPa at room temperature without undergoing decomposition, irreversible amorphization, or a second transformation.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Spodumene.
Spodumene is worked as an ore of lithium, but it is most highly prized as a gem material - the varieties Kunzite (pink) and Hiddenite (green) are especially sought after. It is usually found as a constituent of lithium-rich pegmatites. It forms crystals to 12 meters in length.
In situ high-pressure Raman spectroscopy investigation demonstrates that spodumene, after the C2/c–P21/c transformation triggered at ~3.2 GPa, can remain stable under pressures up to 19 GPa at room temperature without undergoing decomposition, irreversible amorphization, or a second transformation.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Spodumene.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3733
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3733:0
IMA Classification of Spodumene
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Spodumene
9.DA.30
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
65.1.4.1
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
16.1.2
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
1 : Aluminosilicates of Li
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
1 : Aluminosilicates of Li
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Spd | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Spd | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Spd | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Spd | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Spd | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Spodumene
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Spodumene
Vitreous, Pearly, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
pearly on cleavage
Colour:
Colourless, yellow, light green, emerald-green, pink to violet, purple, white, gray
Comment:
There is a significant impact of trace elements Fe and Mn, including their content and valence state mixture, on the color and luminescent properties of spodumene. By combining EPMA data, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and PL spectroscopy, the coloration and luminescence mechanisms of pink to violet spodumene are primarily influenced by the Mn element. In the UV-Vis spectrum, the pink to violet spodumene samples exhibit a distinct Mn3+ electronic transition absorption peak at 540 nm, which is the primary cause of its coloration. Its fluorescence characteristics are primarily dominated by the characteristic luminescence of Mn2+. For the yellow-green and colorless spodumene samples, their coloration and luminescence mechanisms result from the combined influence of Fe and Mn elements. Specifically, the yellow-green spodumene shows a distinct absorption peak at 433 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, corresponding to the d-d transition of Fe3+. Additionally, weak absorption peaks at 507 nm and 580 nm are related to Fe2+ transitions. A weak absorption peak at 433 nm is also visible in the UV-Vis spectrum of colorless spodumene, but it does not result in a significant color change. The fluorescence characteristics of both samples are similarly dominated by the influence of Mn2+. Although Mn2+ ions are present in samples of different colors, they are not the primary coloring elements; they mainly contribute to the fluorescence of spodumene.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6½ - 7 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
(110), (110) ^ (110) ~87
(110), (110) ^ (110) ~87
Parting:
{100}, {010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.1 - 3.2 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.184 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Spodumene
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.648 - 1.661 nβ = 1.655 - 1.67 nγ = 1.662 - 1.679
2V:
Measured: 54° to 69°, Calculated: 88°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.014 - 0.018
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
weak
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = purple to green; Z = colorless.
Chemistry of Spodumene
Mindat Formula:
LiAlSi2O6
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mn,Mg,Ca,Na,K,H2O
Crystallography of Spodumene
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Setting:
C2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.46 Å, b = 8.39 Å, c = 5.22 Å
β = 110.17°
β = 110.17°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.128 : 1 : 0.622
Unit Cell V:
388.90 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Twinning:
On {110}, uncommon (Afghanistan).
Crystallographic forms of Spodumene
Crystal Atlas:
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Spodumene no.6 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0011109 | Spodumene | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2004) Structural variation and crystal chemistry of LiMe3+Si2O6 clinopyroxenes Me3+ = Al, Ga, Cr, V, Fe, Sc, and In Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 219 278-294 |  | 2004 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0010702 | Spodumene | Clarke P T, Spink J M (1969) The crystal structure of beta spodumene, LiAlSi2O6-II Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 130 420-426 | | 1969 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0010656 | Spodumene | Li C T, Peacor D R (1968) The crystal structure LiAlSi2O6-II ("beta spodumene") Note, y coordinate of Si1 altered according to Clarke and Spink (1969) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 126 46-65 | | 1968 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0000355 | Spodumene | Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt C T, Papike J J (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite pyroxene American Mineralogist 58 594-618 | | 1973 | 0 | 297 | |
| 0005837 | Spodumene | Tribaudino M, Nestola F, Prencipe M, Rundlof H (2003) A single-crystal neutron-diffraction investigation of spodumene at 54 K The Canadian Mineralogist 41 521-527 | | 2003 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005836 | Spodumene | Tribaudino M, Nestola F, Prencipe M, Rundlof H (2003) A single-crystal neutron-diffraction investigation of spodumene at 54 K The Canadian Mineralogist 41 521-527 | | 2003 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0008492 | Spodumene | Arlt T, Angel R J (2000) Displacive phase transitions in C-centred clinopyroxenes: spodumene, LiScSi2O6 and ZnSiO3 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 719-731 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0018064 | Spodumene | Warren B, Biscoe J (1931) The crystal structure of monoclinic pyroxenes _cod_database_code 1011191 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 80 391-401 | 1931 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0000356 | Spodumene | Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt C T, Papike J J (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite pyroxene American Mineralogist 58 594-618 | | 1973 | 0 | 573 | |
| 0000357 | Spodumene | Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt C T, Papike J J (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite pyroxene American Mineralogist 58 594-618 | | 1973 | 0 | 733 | |
| 0000358 | Spodumene | Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt C T, Papike J J (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite pyroxene American Mineralogist 58 594-618 | | 1973 | 0 | 1033 | |
| 0008493 | Spodumene | Arlt T, Angel R J (2000) Displacive phase transitions in C-centred clinopyroxenes: spodumene, LiScSi2O6 and ZnSiO3 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 719-731 | 2000 | 3.164 | 293 | ||
| 0008494 | Spodumene | Arlt T, Angel R J (2000) Displacive phase transitions in C-centred clinopyroxenes: spodumene, LiScSi2O6 and ZnSiO3 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 719-731 | 2000 | 3.342 | 293 | ||
| 0008495 | Spodumene | Arlt T, Angel R J (2000) Displacive phase transitions in C-centred clinopyroxenes: spodumene, LiScSi2O6 and ZnSiO3 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 719-731 | 2000 | 8.835 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.921 Å | (100) |
| 2.793 Å | (90) |
| 4.205 Å | (75) |
| 6.12 Å | (40) |
| 4.36 Å | (35) |
| 3.444 Å | (35) |
| 3.190 Å | (35) |
Comments:
ICDD 33-786.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Geological Setting:
Lithium rich pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Spodumene
Synonyms of Spodumene
Other Language Names for Spodumene
Basque:Espodumeno
Croatian:Spodumen
Dutch:Spodumeen
Estonian:Spodumeen
Finnish:Spodumeeni
French:Spodumène
German:Spodumen
Hungarian:Spodumen
Italian:Spodumene
Lithuanian:Spodumenas
Norwegian:Spodumen
Polish:Spodumen
Portuguese:Espodúmena
Russian:Сподумен
Simplified Chinese:锂辉石
Swedish:Spodumen
Traditional Chinese:鋰輝石
Varieties of Spodumene
| Hiddenite | Hiddenite was not originally defined by Kunz as has been sometimes claimed. Smith (1881) did state: "I have employed all the necessary care in examining for chromium, but have found no indication of its presence." Smith tried to verify the presence of van... |
| Kunzite | A pink gem variety of Spodumene. Kunzite is frequently irradiated to enhance the colour. |
Relationship of Spodumene to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Clinopyroxene Subgroup:
| Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Burnettite | CaVAlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Clinoferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Colomeraite | NaTi3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Davisite | CaScAlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Esseneite | CaFe3+[AlSiO6] | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Jadeite | Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Jervisite | NaSc3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Kanoite | Mn2+MgSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Kosmochlor | NaCrSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Kushiroite | CaAlAlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Natalyite | NaV3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m |
| Petedunnite | CaZnSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Ryabchikovite | CuMgSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Tissintite | (Ca,◻)AlSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 'UM2003-36-SiO:CaNa' | NaCrSi2O6 - CaMgSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 126 photos of Spodumene associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 67 photos of Spodumene associated with Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 60 photos of Spodumene associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 52 photos of Spodumene associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 51 photos of Spodumene associated with Lepidolite | |
| 44 photos of Spodumene associated with 'Cleavelandite' | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 33 photos of Spodumene associated with 'Kunzite' | LiAlSi2O6 |
| 29 photos of Spodumene associated with Eucryptite | LiAlSiO4 |
| 23 photos of Spodumene associated with Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 21 photos of Spodumene associated with 'Smoky Quartz' | SiO2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DA. | Colomeraite | NaTi3+Si2O6 |
| 9.DA. | Protoenstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| 9.DA. | Ryabchikovite | CuMgSi2O6 |
| 9.DA.05 | Donpeacorite | Mn2+MgSi2O6 |
| 9.DA.05 | Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.05 | Ferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.10 | Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 |
| 9.DA.10 | Clinoferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.10 | Kanoite | Mn2+MgSi2O6 |
| 9.DA.10 | Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.15 | Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
| 9.DA.15 | Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| 9.DA.15 va | 'Jeffersonite' | Ca(Mn,Zn,Fe)Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.15 | Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.15 | Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.15 | Petedunnite | CaZnSi2O6 |
| 9.DA.15 | Esseneite | CaFe3+[AlSiO6] |
| 9.DA.15 | Kushiroite | CaAlAlSiO6 |
| 9.DA.15 | Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.15 | Davisite | CaScAlSiO6 |
| 9.DA.20 | Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.20 | Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.25 | Jadeite | Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.25 | Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.25 | Natalyite | NaV3+Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.25 | Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.25 | Jervisite | NaSc3+Si2O6 |
| 9.DA.25 | Tissintite | (Ca,◻)AlSi2O6 |
| 9.DA.25 | Kosmochlor | NaCrSi2O6 |
| 9.DA.35 | Hiroseite | FeSiO3 |
Fluorescence of Spodumene
Yellow, orange, or pink fluorescence under LW and SW UV.
Other Information
Health Risks:
Irradiated spodumene may be radioactive (Rossman & Qiu, 1982).
Spodumene in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Spodumene
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3733.html
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References for Spodumene
Reference List:
Baskerville, C. (1903) Kunzite, a new gem. Science, 18 (453). 303-304 doi:10.1126/science.18.453.303-a
Endell, Kurd, Rieke, Reinhold (1912) Über die Schmelztemperatur des Spodumen [On the melting temperature of spodumene]. Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie, 74 (1). 33-47 doi:10.1002/zaac.19120740104
Schaller, W.T. (1916) Mineralogic notes, series 3. Bulletin 610. US Geological Survey 164 pp. doi:10.3133/b610 p.138
Quensel, Percy (1938) Minerals of the Varuträsk Pegmatite. X. Spodumene and its alteration products. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 60 (2). 201-215 doi:10.1080/11035893809444995
Gabriel, Alton, Slavin, Morris, Carl, Howard Frederick (1942) Minor constituents in spodumene. Economic Geology, 37 (2) 116-125 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.37.2.116
ROY, RUSTUM, ROY, DELLA M., OSBORN, E. F. (1950) Compositional and Stability Relationships Among the Lithium Aluminosilicates: Eucryptite, Spodumene, and Petalite. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 33 (5). 152-159 doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1950.tb12780.x
Claffy, Esther W. (1953) Composition, tenebrescence and luminescence of spodumene minerals. American Mineralogist, 38 (11-12) 919-931
Cameron, Maryellen, Sueno, Shigeho, Prewitt, C. T., Papike, and J. J. (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite. American Mineralogist, 58 (7-8) 594-618
Rossman, George R., Qiu, Yuanxun (1982) Radioactive Irradiated Spodumene. Gems & Gemology, 18 (2) 87-89 doi:10.5741/gems.18.2.87
Kuntzinger, Sandrine, Ghermani, Nour Eddine (1999) Electron density distribution and Madelung potential in α-spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2, from two-wavelength high-resolution X-ray diffraction data. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 55 (3) 273-284 doi:10.1107/s0108768198013536
Arlt, T., Angel, R. J. (2000) Displacive phase transitions in C-centred clinopyroxenes: spodumene, LiScSi2O6 and ZnSiO3. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 27 (10) 719-731 doi:10.1007/s002690000116
Filip, J., Novák, M., Beran, A., Zbořil, R. (2006) Crystal chemistry and OH defect concentrations in spodumene from different granitic pegmatites. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 32 (10) 733-746 doi:10.1007/s00269-005-0051-0
Dias, Filipa; Lima, Alexandre; Roda-Robles, Encarnación (2019) Mutual relationships between spodumene and petalite from the Iberian Massif pegmatites: more than PT changes? The Canadian Mineralogist, 57 (5). 731-732 doi:10.3749/canmin.ab00006
Dessemond, Colin, Soucy, Gervais, Harvey, Jean-Philippe, Ouzilleau, Philippe (2020) Phase Transitions in the α–γ–β Spodumene Thermodynamic System and Impact of γ-Spodumene on the Efficiency of Lithium Extraction by Acid Leaching. Minerals, 10 (6) 519 doi:10.3390/min10060519
Czaja, Maria, Lisiecki, Radosław, Kądziołka-Gaweł, Mariola, Winiarski, Antoni (2020) Some Complementary Data about the Spectroscopic Properties of Manganese Ions in Spodumene Crystals. Minerals, 10 (6) 554 doi:10.3390/min10060554
Sardisco, Lorenza, Hannula, Pyry-Mikko, Pearce, Tim J., Morgan, Luke (2022) Multi-Technique Analytical Approach to Quantitative Analysis of Spodumene. Minerals, 12 (2) 175 doi:10.3390/min12020175
Thibault, Yves, Gamage McEvoy, Joanne (2023) Alkali-Induced Phase Transition to β-Spodumene along the LiAlSi2O6-LiAlSi4O10 Join. Crystals, 13 (8) doi:10.3390/cryst13081182
Brennan, Clara J., Student, James J., Hill, Tina, Martins, Tânia, Sirbescu, Mona-Liza C. (2024) Trace element concentrations and chemical zoning of spodumene from magmatic and hydrothermal origins. Ore Geology Reviews, 169. 106089 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106089
Localities for Spodumene
Showing 1,145 localities.
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The Locality List
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- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Resplendor, Minas Gerais, Brazil