Native Arsenic
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Native Arsenic
Formula:
As
Colour:
Tin-white, tarnishing to dark grey or black.
Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic, Dull
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
5.63 - 5.78
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Name of early origins from the Greek αρσενικόν ("arsenikon"), "masculine", alluding to its potent properties. The Oxford English Dictionary lists the first record of the word "arsenic" in a 1310 book concerning orpiment de iiij libris de orpiment venditis, of unknown authorship.
Polymorph of:
A metallic, steel-gray to dark-gray, brittle element. Oxidises slowly in air and is then covered with a thin crust of tiny arsenolite crystals.
Used in bronzing, pyrotechny, insecticides, and poisons, and as a doping agent in transistors. Gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light. Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous.
Used in bronzing, pyrotechny, insecticides, and poisons, and as a doping agent in transistors. Gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light. Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
357
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:357:1
IMA Classification of Native Arsenic
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Native Arsenic
1.CA.05
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
C : Metalloids and Nonmetals
A : Arsenic group elements
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
C : Metalloids and Nonmetals
A : Arsenic group elements
Dana 7th ed.:
1.3.1.1
1.3.1.1
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
3 : Semi-metals and non-metals
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
3 : Semi-metals and non-metals
1.33
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| As | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Native Arsenic
Metallic, Sub-Metallic, Dull
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Tin-white, tarnishing to dark grey or black.
Streak:
Grey
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=72 - 173 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect basal on {0001}, fair on {0114}
Perfect basal on {0001}, fair on {0114}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
5.63 - 5.78 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.778 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Native Arsenic
Anisotropism:
Distinct - yellowish brown and light grey to yellowish grey
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 56.0% | 57.5% |
| 420nm | 55.1% | 56.8% |
| 440nm | 54.2% | 56.2% |
| 460nm | 53.3% | 55.8% |
| 480nm | 52.7% | 55.7% |
| 500nm | 52.4% | 55.7% |
| 520nm | 52.0% | 55.7% |
| 540nm | 51.7% | 55.7% |
| 560nm | 51.5% | 55.6% |
| 580nm | 51.2% | 55.4% |
| 600nm | 51.0% | 55.2% |
| 620nm | 50.8% | 55.0% |
| 640nm | 50.6% | 54.9% |
| 660nm | 50.5% | 54.8% |
| 680nm | 50.4% | 54.7% |
| 700nm | 50.4% | 54.6% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 57.5%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Pleochroism:
Weak
Chemistry of Native Arsenic
Mindat Formula:
As
Element Weights:
| Element | % weight |
|---|---|
| As | 100.000 % |
Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Bi,Sb,Fe,Ni,Ag,S,Se
Crystallography of Native Arsenic
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.768 Å, c = 10.574 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.806
Unit Cell V:
130.01 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Granular, massive, concentric layered. Reticulated, reniform, stalagtitic, columnar, acicular. small rhombohedra.
Twinning:
Rare on {1014}, Pressure twinning on {0112}
Crystallographic forms of Native Arsenic
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
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Arsenic no.1 - {102} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Arsenic no.2 - {014} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Arsenic no.9 - {104} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012835 | Native Arsenic | Schiferl D, Barrett CS (1969) The crystal structure of arsenic at 4.2, 78 and 299 K Journal of Applied Crystallography 2 30-36 | 1969 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0012834 | Native Arsenic | Schiferl D, Barrett CS (1969) The crystal structure of arsenic at 4.2, 78 and 299 K Journal of Applied Crystallography 2 30-36 | 1969 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0012833 | Native Arsenic | Schiferl D, Barrett CS (1969) The crystal structure of arsenic at 4.2, 78 and 299 K Journal of Applied Crystallography 2 30-36 | 1969 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0011252 | Native Arsenic | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.52 Å | (26) |
| 3.112 Å | (6) |
| 2.771 Å | (100) |
| 2.050 Å | (24) |
| 1.879 Å | (26) |
| 1.768 Å | (10) |
| 1.757 Å | (7) |
| 1.658 Å | (6) |
| 1.556 Å | (11) |
| 1.386 Å | (6) |
| 1.367 Å | (4) |
| 1.289 Å | (5) |
| 1.284 Å | (5) |
| 1.222 Å | (1) |
| 1.1987 Å | (7) |
| 1.1722 Å | (1) |
| 1.1158 Å | (4) |
| 1.1062 Å | (2) |
| 1.0857 Å | (3) |
| 1.0631 Å | (3) |
| 1.0374 Å | (2) |
| 0.9948 Å | (2) |
| 0.9531 Å | (2) |
| 0.9397 Å | (1) |
| 0.9198 Å | (3) |
| 0.8995 Å | (1) |
| 0.8903 Å | (2) |
Comments:
ICDD 5-632. Synthetic.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal veins.
Synonyms of Native Arsenic
Other Language Names for Native Arsenic
Afrikaans:Arseen
Arabic:زرنيخ
Armenian:Մկնդեղ
Azeri:Arsen
Basque:Artseniko
Belarusian:Мыш'як
Bengali:আর্সেনিক
Bosnian:Arsen
Bulgarian:Арсен
Catalan:Arsènic
Corsican:Arsenicu
Croatian:Arsen
Czech:Arsen
Danish:Arsen
Dutch:Arseen
Esperanto:Arseno
Estonian:Arseen
Farsi/Persian:آرسنیک
Finnish:Arseeni
French:Native Arsenic
Friulian:Native Arsenic
Galician:Arsénico
German:Arsen
Scherbenkobalt
Scherbenkobalt
Greek:Αρσενικό
Haitian:Asenik
Hebrew:ארסן
Hindi:आर्सेनिक
Hungarian:Arzén
Icelandic:Arsen
Ido:Arseno
Indonesian:Arsen
Irish Gaelic:Arsanaic
Italian:Arsenico
Japanese:自然ヒ素
Javanese:Arsenik
Kapampangan:Native Arsenic
Korean:비소
Latin:Arsenicum
Latvian:Arsēns
Lithuanian:Arsenas
Lojban:Arseniko
Low Saxon/Low German:Arsen
Luxembourgish:Arsen
Malayalam:ആര്സെനിക്
Manx:Arsnick
Marathi:आर्सेनिक
Norwegian:Arsen
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Arsen
Occitan:Native Arsenic
Polish:Arsen
Portuguese:Arsênio
Quechua:Arsiniku
Romanian:Arsen
Russian:Мышьяк
Sardinian:Arsènicu
Saterland Frisian:Arsen
Serbian:Арсен
Serbo-Croatian:Arsenik
Sicilian:Arsenicu
Simplified Chinese:自然砷
Slovak:Arzén
Slovenian:Arzen
Spanish:Arsénico
Swahili:Asenia
Swedish:Arsenik
Tajik (Cyrillic Script):Арсен
Tamil:ஆர்சனிக்
Thai:อาร์ซีนิก
Turkish:Arsenik
Ukrainian:Миш'як
Urdu:زرنیخ
Uzbek (Latin Script):Margimush
Vietnamese:Asen
Welsh:Arsenig
Relationship of Native Arsenic to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Arsenic Group:
| Native Antimony | Sb | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Native Bismuth | Bi | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Stibarsen | AsSb | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 263 photos of Native Arsenic associated with Native Silver | Ag |
| 229 photos of Native Arsenic associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 189 photos of Native Arsenic associated with Realgar | As4S4 |
| 127 photos of Native Arsenic associated with Proustite | Ag3AsS3 |
| 125 photos of Native Arsenic associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 102 photos of Native Arsenic associated with Dyscrasite | Ag3Sb |
| 99 photos of Native Arsenic associated with Stibarsen | AsSb |
| 91 photos of Native Arsenic associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 90 photos of Native Arsenic associated with Galena | PbS |
| 77 photos of Native Arsenic associated with Löllingite | FeAs2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 1.CA.05 | Native Antimony | Sb |
| 1.CA.05 | Native Bismuth | Bi |
| 1.CA.05 | Stibarsen | AsSb |
| 1.CA.10 | Arsenolamprite | As |
| 1.CA.10 | Pararsenolamprite | (As,Sb) |
| 1.CA.15 | Paradocrasite | Sb2(Sb,As)2 |
| 1.CA.20 | Native Phosphorus | P4 |
Fluorescence of Native Arsenic
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Magnetism:
Non-Magnetic
Health Risks:
Safety precautions: Wash hands after handling. Avoid generating and inhaling dust when handling, breaking, grinding or cutting. Never lick or ingest. Oral lethal dosis ld50 between 100 and 300mg/kg, so it is not much of a threat compared to some other arsenic compounds.
Native Arsenic in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Native Arsenic
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-357.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Native Arsenic
Reference List:
Broderick, S. J., Ehret, W. F. (1931) An X-Ray Study of the Alloys of Silver with Bismuth, Antimony and Arsenic. II. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 35 (11). 3322-3329 doi:10.1021/j150329a017
Schiferl, D., Barrett, C. S. (1969) The crystal structure of arsenic at 4.2, 78 and 299°K. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2 (1) 30-36 doi:10.1107/s0021889869006443
Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-x
Localities for Native Arsenic
Showing 473 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Ferrini et al. (2003) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Melekestseva et al. (2025) |
Australia | |
| Downes et al. (2004) |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
| Steve Sorrell Collection |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Adam McKinnon pers comm |
| Updated list originally distributed by ... |
| |
| SA Mines + personal collecting |
| Ehrig et al. (2012) |
| Bottrill |
| Willman et al. (2002) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Ravensgate Mining Consultants (2007) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| THIEDIG (1966) +1 other reference |
| G.Blaß |
| Blaß et al. (2002) | |
| H.Meixner (1974) |
| Meixner (1968) | |
| Brunlechner (1894) |
| C.Auer (2025) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Schnorrer (2000) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Postl et al. (1997) |
| Auer (2020) |
| Friml (2012) |
| www.vstm.at (2004) |
| Pribitzer (1956) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Petrov et al. (2006) |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
Borneo | |
Bulgaria | |
| Kerestedjian T (1998) +1 other reference |
| Strashimirov et al. (2005) | |
Canada | |
| Walker (1921) +2 other references |
| Traill (1983) |
| Lloyd Twaites |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Dana 7:129 +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Mielke (n.d.) | |
| Roberts et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Franz Bernhard analyses +1 other reference |
| 153-155. +2 other references |
| Papezik (1967) |
| Sabina (2003) | |
| Papezik (1967) | |
| |
| Bath (1990) |
| Bath (1990) |
| Thompson J.E. (1943) |
| Moorhouse W. W. (1942) |
| Ontario Geological Survey (2015) |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +2 other references |
| Sabina (1991) | |
| Patterson (1984) +2 other references | |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| RWMW specimen |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... |
| Sixteenth Annual Report of The Bureau ... +2 other references |
| Reiner Mielke 2012 | |
| EVANS (1903) |
| Kovacs et al. (2014) |
Chile | |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... |
| A. Moesta (1870) |
| A. Moesta +3 other references | |
| A. Moesta +3 other references | |
| Cortés J.L. +3 other references |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| "Cuadrángulo Quebrada Paipote" +3 other references |
| "Cuadrángulo Los Loros" +3 other references | |
| RWMW specimen | |
| Clark (1972) +2 other references |
| Robert A. Jenkins find - personal ... | |
| Instituto de Investigaciones ... +4 other references | |
| Instituto de Investigaciones ... +2 other references | |
| Yang et al. (2011) | |
| Photo & collection: Arturo Molina and ... | |
| "Breves apuntes sobre algunos centros ... +2 other references |
| informe preliminar": Caja de Crédito ... +1 other reference |
| informe preliminar": Caja de Crédito ... +1 other reference | |
| informe preliminar": Caja de Crédito ... +1 other reference | |
| I.Domeyko collection +2 other references |
| Claudio Canut de Bon personal ... |
| A.Gutiérrez S +4 other references |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
China | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| Shihua Qi et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Qian Wang et al. (2002) |
| Jiajun Liu et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Gu et al. (2024) |
| Zhiwei Bao et al. (2004) |
| Gu et al. (2026) |
| Dongyi Zhao (1986) |
| Si Chen and Wenbo Guo (2008) |
| Jiajun Liu et al. (2007) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| |
| Fang An and Yongfeng Zhu (2009) +2 other references |
| Fang An et al. (2014) | |
| Bo Zheng et al. (2013) | |
| Minghua Zheng et al. (2002) |
| Yang et al. (2026) |
Costa Rica | |
| Paolo Bosio collection |
Czech Republic | |
| Zachariáš et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Žáček (1999) |
| Josef Vajdak +2 other references |
| Škácha et al. (2012) | |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) | |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 |
| |
| Kaspar et al. (1991) | |
| Kašpar | |
| Johan et al. (1961) |
| Gramblička R. (2014) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Pavel Skacha specimen +2 other references | |
| Plášil et al. (2025) |
| 70 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Kruťa (1949) |
| www.mineralos.cz (2002) |
| Parma (1973) |
| |
| Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
DR Congo | |
| Villeneuve et al. (2022) |
Finland | |
| Pasi Eilu (2002) |
| Geological Survey of Finland ... |
France | |
| Picot et al. (1977) |
| Gonnard F. (1906) |
| Laurent (1995) |
| Laurent (1995) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Bari (1982) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Pierre et Terre 1982 | |
| De Bondt (n.d.) | |
| De Bondt (n.d.) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Dana 7:I:327. |
| Bari (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Museum of the City : ... +3 other references | |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Brousse (1982) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Jean-Pierre Bourgarel collection |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Companyo (1861) | |
| |
| Mari (2002) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| M Kampf collection |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
| Aufschluss 71 (3) | |
| Blaß et al. (2000) |
| Gröbner et al. (2005) |
| Schmeltzer (1983) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) +2 other references |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) +2 other references |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
| Markl (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
| Hofmann (1979) +1 other reference |
| Lorenz (1998) +1 other reference |
| Lorenz (2004) +1 other reference |
| Rank (1985) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Aufschluss 69/ (7+8) +1 other reference |
| Noll (1984) |
| Noll (1984) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Kobloch (1992) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection |
| |
| Vollstädt et al. (1991) | |
| Forster et al. (2004) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2011) |
| Mädler (1992) | |
| ... | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Gramaccioli |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Martin et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Hans-Jürgen Haas collection | |
| |
| Knut Edvard Larsen MM collection (From S. Michalski nov. 1992) | |
| Haake et al. (1994) |
| Lapis (2008) | |
| Haake et al. (1994) | |
| - (1986) |
| - (1986) |
| Baumann et al. (1997) |
| - (1986) |
| Haas (n.d.) | |
| Frenzel (1874) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß et al. (2001) |
| Tröger (2012) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| Lapis 1994 (10) | |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
Greece | |
| Meixner et al. (1982) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| 50. +1 other reference | |
| Fritz Schreiber collection | |
| Voudouris et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Evaggelos Skoupras et al. (2022) |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
| Tombros et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Honduras | |
| Mattioli et al. (2014) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll (2002) |
| Szakáll et al. (2012) |
India | |
| Deb (1982) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Maletto et al. (2016) |
| Maida (2002) +1 other reference |
| Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti ... |
| |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Orlandi P. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Ambrino et al. (2008) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| De Michele (1974) |
| De Castro (1890) +2 other references |
| De Castro (1890) +1 other reference | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| - (n.d.) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Traverso (1898) +1 other reference |
| De Castro (1890) +2 other references |
| Traverso (1898) +1 other reference | |
| De Castro (1890) +2 other references | |
| - (n.d.) |
| A.Costantini (2015) |
| Costagliola et al. (2008) |
Japan | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| National Science Museum |
| Yamada (2004) | |
| 矢島淳吉 (1979) |
| 島倉広至 et al. (2015) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Haruna et al. (2002) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Matsubara et al. (2001) | |
| Yeats et al. (2017) |
| Imai (1978) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
Kosovo | |
| Mederski et al. (2022) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
Madagascar | |
| Pezzotta (1999) |
Malaysia | |
| Percival et al. (1990) |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
| Breward et al. (1994) | |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
| Breward et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
Mexico | |
| Wilson et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
Mongolia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Morocco | |
| Weiß (2006) |
New Zealand | |
| Christie et al. (2007) |
| Unpublished drill log report to NZ Dept ... |
| Auckland Star newspaper (1915) |
| Cox (1881) +1 other reference | |
| Simpson et al. (2011) | |
| Boyle (1979) | |
North Macedonia | |
| Đorđević et al. (2017) |
Norway | |
| Cronstedt 1758 |
| Neumann (1944) +1 other reference |
| +3 other references | |
| Cook (1996) |
| Vokes (1963) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| - (1997) +1 other reference |
| Bancroft (1984) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Crowley et al. (1997) |
| Crowley et al. (1997) |
Poland | |
| Zagożdżon et al. (2009) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Hoehne (1936) +1 other reference | |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Kozłowski et al. (2022) |
| Pieczka +3 other references |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data (to be published soon) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Azevedo and Calvo +2 other references | |
Romania | |
| Wilson (1982) |
| Szakáll (2002) |
| Kristály et al. (2012) |
| Bailly et al. (1998) |
| Dion Glastra specimen +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1997) | |
| Tivadar Pécsi collection | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Carpathian Reg. |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Kovalenker et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Takahashi +3 other references |
| Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) | |
| webmineral.ru (2018) |
| Макшаков et al. (СЕВЕРНОЕ ПРИОХОТЬЕ) |
| Gritsenko et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Terleev et al. (2014) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +6 other references |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p173ff +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Cherkasova et al. (2014, August) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) | |
| Radosavljević +4 other references |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Ďuďa R. (2001) | |
Spain | |
| Lopez Ciriano et al. (1997) |
| Calvo et al. (1992) |
| Calvo et al. (1992) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
Sweden | |
| Tiu (2019) +1 other reference |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Aminoff (1931) | |
| Lorin et al. (2009) |
| Gavelin (1945) | |
| Axelsson et al. (2006) | |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection | |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1978) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +2 other references |
Turkey | |
| Erik Vercammen field observations and ... |
UK | |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Dines (1956) | |
| Reid et al. (1907) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Knorring et al. (1984) |
Ukraine | |
| Rappenglück (2022) | |
| Alexander Babynin & Eugenia Slivko (1999) +1 other reference |
| Nokleberg (2005) |
USA | |
| Novagold Resources Inc. |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| |
| Warren (1903) +5 other references | |
| Richthofen (1865) +1 other reference |
| U.S. Borax |
| Morgan et al. (1969) | |
| Morgan et al. (1969) | |
| Dana 6: 1096 +4 other references |
| |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Johnston (1937) +4 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Specimens collected by Jeremy Zolan in ... |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Econ Geology (1993) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geology (1993) |
| Econ Geology (1993) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dana 7:I:543. |
| Meyers et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| Meyers et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| Palache +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Microprobe |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| DANA R. KELLEY AND PAUL F. KERR (1958) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 300 p295 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Bulletin 77. +2 other references |
| Lasmanis (1995) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Kovalenker et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Il'ina +4 other references |
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Storliden Mine, Malå, Västerbotten County, Sweden