Native Antimony
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Native Antimony
Formula:
Sb
Colour:
Tin-white
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
3 - 3½
Specific Gravity:
6.61 - 6.71
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
From the medieval latin 'antimonium', originally applied to stibnite. The etymology is uncertain; the popular etymology, from ἀντίμοναχός anti-monachos or French antimoine, still has adherents; this would mean "monk-killer", and is explained by many early alchemists being monks, and antimony being poisonous. Another popular etymology is the hypothetical Greek word ἀντίμόνος antimonos, "against aloneness", explained as "not found as metal", or "not found unalloyed" [from Wikipedia].
Metallic antimony is an extremely brittle metal with a flaky, crystalline texture.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
262
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:262:4
IMA Classification of Native Antimony
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Native Antimony
1.CA.05
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
C : Metalloids and Nonmetals
A : Arsenic group elements
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
C : Metalloids and Nonmetals
A : Arsenic group elements
Dana 7th ed.:
1.3.1.4
1.3.1.2
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
3 : Semi-metals and non-metals
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
3 : Semi-metals and non-metals
1.41
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Sb | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Sb | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Native Antimony
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Tin-white
Streak:
Grey
Hardness:
3 - 3½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=50 - 69 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect and easy on {0001}, distinct on {1011}, imperfect on {1014} and indistinct on {1120}.
Perfect and easy on {0001}, distinct on {1011}, imperfect on {1014} and indistinct on {1120}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
6.61 - 6.71 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.697 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Native Antimony
Anisotropism:
Weak in air, lively in oil
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 71.6% | 74.1% |
| 420nm | 72.3% | 75.1% |
| 440nm | 72.9% | 75.8% |
| 460nm | 73.6% | 76.6% |
| 480nm | 74.2% | 77.3% |
| 500nm | 74.6% | 77.8% |
| 520nm | 74.7% | 77.9% |
| 540nm | 74.5% | 78.0% |
| 560nm | 74.0% | 77.7% |
| 580nm | 73.3% | 77.1% |
| 600nm | 72.3% | 76.6% |
| 620nm | 71.4% | 76.0% |
| 640nm | 70.3% | 75.3% |
| 660nm | 69.2% | 74.8% |
| 680nm | 68.4% | 74.4% |
| 700nm | 67.7% | 74.2% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 78.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Pleochroism:
Weak
Chemistry of Native Antimony
Mindat Formula:
Sb
Element Weights:
| Element | % weight |
|---|---|
| Sb | 100.000 % |
Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
As
Crystallography of Native Antimony
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.307 Å, c = 11.273 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.617
Unit Cell V:
181.10 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Pseudocubic crystals
Twinning:
Twinned on {0114} . Commonly forms fourlings, sixlings and polysynthetic twins.
Crystallographic forms of Native Antimony
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0013085 | Native Antimony | Akhtar D, Vankar V D, Goel T C, Chopra K L (1979) Metastable structures of liquid-quenched and vapour-quenched antimony films Journal of Materials Science 14 988-994 | 1979 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0013084 | Native Antimony | Akhtar D, Vankar V D, Goel T C, Chopra K L (1979) Metastable structures of liquid-quenched and vapour-quenched antimony films Journal of Materials Science 14 988-994 | 1979 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0013083 | Native Antimony | Akhtar D, Vankar V D, Goel T C, Chopra K L (1979) Metastable structures of liquid-quenched and vapour-quenched antimony films the tetragonal, FCC and SC structures Journal of Materials Science 14 988-994 | 1979 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0013082 | Native Antimony | Akhtar D, Vankar V D, Goel T C, Chopra K L (1979) Metastable structures of liquid-quenched and vapour-quenched antimony films Journal of Materials Science 14 988-994 | 1979 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0013081 | Native Antimony | Akhtar D, Vankar V D, Goel T C, Chopra K L (1979) Metastable structures of liquid-quenched and vapour-quenched antimony films Journal of Materials Science 14 988-994 | 1979 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0013080 | Native Antimony | Akhtar D, Vankar V D, Goel T C, Chopra K L (1979) Metastable structures of liquid-quenched and vapour-quenched antimony films Journal of Materials Science 14 988-994 | 1979 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012942 | Native Antimony | Jette E R, Foote F (1935) Precision determination of lattice constants Journal of Chemical Physics 3 605-616 | 1935 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0011099 | Native Antimony | Akselrud L G, Hanfland M, Schwarz U (2003) Refinement of the crystal structure of Sb-I, at 2.22 GPa Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 218 414-414 | 2003 | synthetic | 2.22 | 295 | |
| 0015596 | Native Antimony | Kabalkina S S, Mylov V P (1964) Phase transitions in antimony at high pressures Soviet Physics Doklady 8 917-918 | 1964 | synthetic | 5 | 293 | |
| 0009736 | Native Antimony | Schiferl D, Cromer D T, Jamieson J C (1981) Structure determinations on Sb up to 85 x 10^2 MPa Acta Crystallographica B37 807-810 | ![]() | 1981 | synthetic | 6.3 | 293 |
| 0009737 | Native Antimony | Schiferl D, Cromer D T, Jamieson J C (1981) Structure determinations on Sb up to 85 x 10^2 MPa Acta Crystallographica B37 807-810 | ![]() | 1981 | synthetic | 6.8 | 293 |
| 0009738 | Native Antimony | Schiferl D, Cromer D T, Jamieson J C (1981) Structure determinations on Sb up to 85 x 10^2 MPa Acta Crystallographica B37 807-810 | ![]() | 1981 | synthetic | 7.15 | 293 |
| 0009739 | Native Antimony | Schiferl D, Cromer D T, Jamieson J C (1981) Structure determinations on Sb up to 85 x 10^2 MPa Acta Crystallographica B37 807-810 | ![]() | 1981 | synthetic | 7.7 | 293 |
| 0015453 | Native Antimony | Aoki K, Fujiwara S, Kusakabe M (1983) New phase transition into the b.c.c structure in antimony at high pressure Solid State Communications 45 161-163 | 1983 | synthetic | 28 | 293 | |
| 0012838 | Native Antimony | Schiferl D, Barrett CS (1969) The crystal structure of arsenic at 4.2, 78 and 299 K Journal of Applied Crystallography 2 30-36 | 1969 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0012837 | Native Antimony | Schiferl D, Barrett CS (1969) The crystal structure of arsenic at 4.2, 78 and 299 K Journal of Applied Crystallography 2 30-36 | 1969 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0012836 | Native Antimony | Schiferl D, Barrett CS (1969) The crystal structure of arsenic at 4.2, 78 and 299 K Journal of Applied Crystallography 2 30-36 | 1969 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0011253 | Native Antimony | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.109 Å | (100) |
| 2.248 Å | (70) |
| 2.152 Å | (60) |
| 1.878 Å | (40) |
| 1.416 Å | (60) |
| 1.368 Å | (70) |
| 1.261 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal veins
Type Occurrence of Native Antimony
Synonyms of Native Antimony
Other Language Names for Native Antimony
Afrikaans:Antimoon
Arabic:إثمد
Armenian:Ծարիր
Azeri:Stibium
Basque:Antimonio
Bosnian:Antimon
Bulgarian:Антимон
Catalan:Antimoni
Corsican:Antimoniu
Croatian:Antimon
Czech:Antimon
Danish:Antimon
Dutch:Antimoon
Esperanto:Antimono
Estonian:Antimon
Farsi/Persian:آنتیموان
Finnish:Antimoni
French:Antimoine
Friulian:Antimoni
Galician:Antimonio
Greek:Αντιμόνιο
Haitian:Antimwàn
Hebrew:אנטימון
Hindi:एन्टिमोनी
Hungarian:Antimon
Icelandic:Antimon
Ido:Antimonio
Indonesian:Antimon
Irish Gaelic:Antamón
Italian:Antimonio
Japanese:自然アンチモン
Javanese:Antimon
Kapampangan:Native Antimony
Korean:안티모니
Kurdish (Latin Script):Stîbyûm
Latin:Stibium
Latvian:Antimons
Lithuanian:Stibis
Low Saxon/Low German:Antimon
Luxembourgish:Antimon
Malayalam:ആന്റിമണി
Manx:Antimoan
Marathi:अँटिमोनी
Norwegian:Antimon
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Antimon
Occitan:Antimòni
Polish:Antymon
Portuguese:Antimónio
Quechua:Antimunyu
Romanian:Stibiu
Russian:Сурьма
Serbian:Антимон
Serbo-Croatian:Antimon
Sicilian:Antimoniu
Simplified Chinese:自然锑
Slovak:Antimón
Slovenian:Antimon
Spanish:Antimonio
Swedish:Antimon
Tajik (Cyrillic Script):Сурма
Tamil:ஆண்ட்டிமனி
Thai:พลวง
Traditional Chinese:自然銻
Turkish:Antimon
Ukrainian:Стибій
Urdu:کحل
Uzbek (Latin Script):Surma
Vietnamese:Antimon
Welsh:Antimoni
Varieties of Native Antimony
| Bismuth-bearing Antimony | A bismuth-bearing variety of native antimony. See also Antimonian Bismuth. |
Relationship of Native Antimony to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Arsenic Group:
| Native Arsenic | As | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Native Bismuth | Bi | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Stibarsen | AsSb | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 107 photos of Native Antimony associated with Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| 91 photos of Native Antimony associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 90 photos of Native Antimony associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 66 photos of Native Antimony associated with Gudmundite | FeSbS |
| 48 photos of Native Antimony associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 41 photos of Native Antimony associated with Valentinite | Sb2O3 |
| 37 photos of Native Antimony associated with Oxystibiomicrolite | (Sb3+,Ca)2Ta2O6O |
| 34 photos of Native Antimony associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| 33 photos of Native Antimony associated with Dyscrasite | Ag3Sb |
| 32 photos of Native Antimony associated with Berthierite | FeSb2S4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 1.CA.05 | Native Arsenic | As |
| 1.CA.05 | Native Bismuth | Bi |
| 1.CA.05 | Stibarsen | AsSb |
| 1.CA.10 | Arsenolamprite | As |
| 1.CA.10 | Pararsenolamprite | (As,Sb) |
| 1.CA.15 | Paradocrasite | Sb2(Sb,As)2 |
| 1.CA.20 | Native Phosphorus | P4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Native Antimony
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-262.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Native Antimony
Reference List:
Klaproth, M. H. (1802) XC. Chemische Untersuchung des Gediegen-Spießglanzes von Andreasberg. In Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper Vol. 3. Rottmann. p.169-172.
Barrett, C. S., Cucka, P., Haefner, K. (1963) The crystal structure of antimony at 4.2, 78 and 298° K. Acta Crystallographica, 16 (6) 451-453 doi:10.1107/s0365110x63001262
Localities for Native Antimony
Showing 473 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Econ Geol (1992) +2 other references |
Australia | |
| Brown R.E. (1997) |
| Sydney Mail newspaper |
| Downes et al. (2004) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Adam McKinnon pers comm |
| McKinnon et al. (2017) +3 other references |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Birch (1999) +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| - (1990) |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
| Updated list originally distributed by ... | |
| |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Ryan Eagle personal observation 2016 | |
| Willman et al. (2002) |
| Birch (2015) |
| report 121 |
| Willman et al. (2002) |
| Mock (1987) |
| CJR Migisha +3 other references |
Austria | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Mali (1996) |
| Mali (1996) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J.Mörtl (1986) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2007) |
| Feitzinger et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Schachinger et al. (2013) |
| Schedl et al. (2009) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Mali (1996) |
| Mali (1996) |
| |
| Bechter (2009) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Dill et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld: Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 1998) |
| Fritz Berndt specimen and analysis. +1 other reference |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| GEOBOL | |
Brazil | |
| F. Zaccarini (2006) +1 other reference |
| Lobato et al. (2001) |
Bulgaria | |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
Canada | |
| Mauthner et al. (1996) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Thompson (1954) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Mauthner et al. (1996) |
| [var: Bismuth-bearing Antimony] 153-155. +2 other references |
| Cabri et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Dana 6:1104. +11 other references |
| ntgomap.nwtgeoscience.ca (n.d.) |
| Coleman (1953) |
| Coleman (1953) | |
| Messervey (1932) +1 other reference |
| Traill (1983) |
| Tindle et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1974) |
| Harris et al. (1988) +2 other references |
| Sabina (1991) | |
| Patterson (1984) | |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Ontario Bureau of Mines +1 other reference |
| Traill (1983) | |
| Agnico Eagle Mines Limited |
| Normand et al. (1996) +3 other references |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2000) |
Chile | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Guozhong Chen et al. (2013) |
| Genwen Chen et al. (2008) |
| Pašava et al. (2003) |
| Bingjie Wei et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Mineral Deposits 4 (1) | |
| Xie et al. (2017) |
| Xie et al. (2025) |
| Bo Peng et al. (2003) |
| Zhang et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Zhao et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Baoqin Yuan et al. (1989) |
| [var: Bismuth-bearing Antimony] Quan Liu (2003) +2 other references |
| Minqing Cheng et al. (1993) |
| An et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Fang An et al. (2014) | |
| Bo Zheng et al. (2013) | |
| Xinpei Jiang (1994) |
| Chaoyang Li et al. (2005) |
Czech Republic | |
| Žáček et al. (1992) |
| Pauliš et al. (1995) |
| Škácha et al. (2012) |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) | |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| Dr. Jan Bernard collection +1 other reference | |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 |
| Sejkora et al. (2022) |
| Zachariáš et al. (2014) |
| Pivec et al. (1984) |
| Žáček et al. (1998) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Pauliš et al. (2019) |
| Veselovský (2019) | |
| Sejkora (1998) |
| Novák |
| Kříbek et al. (2009) |
| Černý et al. (1979) |
Ethiopia | |
| Cook et al. (2000) |
Finland | |
| Kopperoinen |
| Kontionoemi et al. (2006) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... |
| Lahti et al. (1983) |
| Sandström et al. (2009) | |
| Kinnunen | |
| Luukkonen Ari 1994. Main geological ... |
| "Dan Costian" Collection |
| Geological Survey of Finland website +3 other references | |
| Mäkitie et al. (1.86-1.79 Ga) | |
| Borodaev et al. (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Borodaev et al. (1983) | |
| Kojonen +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Finland ... |
| Eilu (2003) |
France | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| Fermis (2022) |
| Gol (2011) |
| R. Pierrot | |
| Belot (1978) |
| R. Pierrot | |
| |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Périchaud (1968) |
| Belot (1978) |
| Périchaud (1968) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Belot (1978) | |
| Périchaud (1968) | |
| Belot (1978) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Belot (1978) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Henwood (1871) |
| Belot (1978) |
| Chauris (2014) | |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) | |
| Moëlo et al. (1978) |
| Moëlo et al. (1978) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Moëlo et al. (1978) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Thiery et al. (2020) |
| Gatellier et al. (1990) |
| Bellot et al (2001) |
| Munoz et al. (1982) |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France Numéro 14 ( Lozère ) |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Bernadi (2004) |
| Cheval-Garabédian et al. (2023) |
Georgia | |
| Gigiadze et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Blaß et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| |
| Belendorff (1998) |
| |
| Walenta (1987) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Klaproth (1802) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| |
| Antonio Zordan | |
| Bender et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Aachen (in German) +1 other reference |
| Reppke (1993) |
Ghana | |
| www.gsr.com (2003) |
Greece | |
| Meixner et al. (1982) |
| Voudouris et al. (2018) | |
| |
| Branko Rieck collection (EDS analysis) | |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
| Evaggelos Skoupras et al. (2022) | |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
| Karup-Møller et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
India | |
| Ranawat et al. (2005) |
| Höller et al. (1997) | |
| Williams-Jones et al. (1997) |
Iran | |
| M. A. Mallakpour (1992) |
Ireland | |
| WEN et al. (1991) |
Italy | |
| Maletto et al. (2016) |
| Fioretti (1944) +3 other references |
| Gianoli Ermanno |
| - (n.d.) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Conti - Vecchi et al. (1991) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Stara P. (1996) |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1993) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) | |
| Corsi (1896) +5 other references | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Saccà C. (1988) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Burtet Fabris B. (1994) |
| Manasse et al. (2002) |
| Manasse et al. (2002) |
| Costagliola et al. (2008) | |
| Menchetti et al. (2015) |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2005) |
| Yamada (2005) | |
| NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) |
Jersey | |
| Ixer et al. (1980) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1982 46 : 134-136 | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Nordgold |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
Luxembourg | |
| Simon Philippo analysis (to be published) |
Malaysia | |
| Percival et al. (1990) |
| Breward et al. (1994) | |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
Mali | |
| Masurel (2016) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy by J.W. Anthony et alia (1990) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analythical data of ... |
Mongolia | |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
Morocco | |
| Etude mineralogique des minerais ... |
Namibia | |
| |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1944) +1 other reference |
| [var: Bismuth-bearing Antimony] Cook (1996) |
| Ramdohr (1938) +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (1998) |
| Cook (2001) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Peter Andresen collection +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Kozłowski et al. (2024) |
| Kozłowski et al. (2024) | |
| Mederski et al. (2020) |
| Pieczka +3 other references |
Portugal | |
| Murphy et al. (1997) |
| Bello |
| Strübel | |
| Milá et al. (2014) | |
| |
| |
Russia | |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) | |
| Stepanov V.A (2015) |
| Maslennikov et al. (2019) |
| Pekov (1998) +2 other references |
| Distler et al. (2005) |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Sazonov et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| Nozhkin et al. (2011) | |
| webmineral.ru (n.d.) |
| webmineral.ru (n.d.) |
| Simanenko L.F. et al. (1994) |
| Ratkin et al. (2021) | |
| Gorelikova et al (2006) |
| Gonevchuk et al. (2005) |
| V.V. Seredin data |
| Kazachenko et al. (1979) | |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
| Goryachev et al. (2011) | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Gamyanin et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) | |
| Aleshin et al. (2007) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2023) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Maťo et al. (stredné Slovensko) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Miškovic J. (1990) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Chovan M. et al. (2002) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Pršek J. & Lauko Ľ. (Spišsko-gemerské rudohorie) +1 other reference | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Števko M. & Turecký L. (Steingeräusch, Tiefengründl) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Bakoš F. et al. (Tatry) +1 other reference |
| Makovicky et al. (2007) |
| Duda |
| Duda et. all. |
| Mikuš et al. (2003) |
| Pauliš |
| |
| Majzlan J. et al. (1998) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Williams-Jones et al. (1997) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross (2004) |
South Korea | |
| Yun et al. (1999) |
| CHOI (1998) |
Spain | |
| Silva (2002) +1 other reference |
| Martín-Izard et al. (2009) |
| Gumiel et al. (1976) |
Sweden | |
| Grensman et al. (2001) |
| Tiu (2019) +1 other reference | |
| Kieft et al. (1984) |
| Zakrzewski et al. (1986) |
| Burke et al. (1990) |
| Jasinski (1983) | |
| Zakrzewski et al. (1984) | |
| Zakrzewski et al. (1984) | |
| Zakrzewski et al. (1984) | |
| Gavelin |
| Canadian Mineralogist 32 +1 other reference |
| Dobbe et al. (1994) | |
| Hålenius et al. (1982) |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) | |
| |
| Econ Geol (1984) | |
| Burke et al. (1981) | |
| Rincon (2022) |
| Gavelin (1945) |
| Boliden Group |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| von Knorring et al. (1963) | |
| GFF 58 |
| Swab (1748) +2 other references |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Köppel (1966) | |
| Meisser N. et al. (2020) | |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| Köppel (1966) |
| Köppel (1966) |
| Köppel (1966) | |
| Köppel (1966) | |
Tajikistan | |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Xinjiang Tacheng International Resources Ltd. |
| Badalov et al. (1975) | |
Turkey | |
| Powell et al. (2021) |
UK | |
| Reid et al. (1907) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Fortey et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Stanley et al. (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Knorring et al. (1984) |
Ukraine | |
| Rappenglück (2022) | |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Schrader (1915) |
| The History of Arizona +1 other reference |
| O’Brien (1949) +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Pemberton (1972) +2 other references |
| Eakle (1914) +1 other reference | |
| Watts (1893) +4 other references |
| Behre et al. (1921) +2 other references |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Palache et al. (1944) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Hitchcock (1823) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Canfield +1 other reference |
| Genth (1891) | |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) +1 other reference |
| Bulletin 77. +2 other references |
| Lasmanis (1995) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Ishbobaev et al. (2021) |
| Gromova +4 other references |
| Fleischer (1956) +2 other references |
Vietnam | |
| Nevolko et al. (2018) |
| Nevolko et al. (2019) | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Zeitschrift fuer angewandte Geologie 38 (1992) | |
The Moon | |
| Mokhov A.V. et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
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Lake George Antimony mine, Lake George, Prince William Parish, York Co., New Brunswick, Canada