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Sapphire

A variety of Corundum

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Sapphire

Ratnapura, Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka

Sapphire

Grand Etang alluvial deposits, Andelot River watershed, Saint-Didier-la-Forêt, Vichy, Allier, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France

Corundum

In den Dellen quarries, Mendig, Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Sapphire

Ratnapura, Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka

Sapphire

Grand Etang alluvial deposits, Andelot River watershed, Saint-Didier-la-Forêt, Vichy, Allier, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France

Corundum

In den Dellen quarries, Mendig, Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Sapphire

Ratnapura, Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka

Sapphire

Grand Etang alluvial deposits, Andelot River watershed, Saint-Didier-la-Forêt, Vichy, Allier, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France

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About SapphireHide

Formula:

Al₂O₃

Colour:

blue, yellow, green, brown, pink, purple

Name:

According to Wikipedia: "Etymologically, the English word "sapphire" derives from French saphir, from Latin sapphirus, sappirus from Greek σαπφειρος (sappheiros) from Hebrew סַפִּיר (sapir), a term that probably originally referred to lapis lazuli, as sapphires were only discovered in Roman times. The term is believed to derive from the root סָפַר (sāp̄ar), meaning "to score with a mark," presumably because gemstones can be used to scratch stone surfaces due to their high hardness".

Most commonly refers to a blue gem variety of corundum, but other coloured varieties of corundum are also described as sapphire, except red corundum, which is better known as ruby.

The dehydration of diaspore in corundum occurs between 525 and 550 °C, whereas goethite transforms to hematite between 300 and 325 °C. As both diaspore and goethite may be present as inclusions in rubies, sapphires, and other corundum varieties (e.g., pink sapphires, padparadscha), these dehydration reactions and phase transformations can be considered important criteria to separate unheated from heated stones, specifically in cases in which other methods (e.g., microscopy, FTIR) are unsuccessful.

Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Sapphire.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

3529 (as Sapphire)
1136 (as Corundum)

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:3529:9 (as Sapphire)
mindat:1:1:1136:1 (as Corundum)

Similar NamesHide

Sappare

A synonym of Kyanite

Pronunciation of SapphireHide

Pronunciation:

Play	Recorded by	Country
	Jolyon Ralph	United Kingdom

Physical Properties of SapphireHide

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Blue, yellow, green, brown, pink, purple

Comment:

The color of sapphire is highly varied. The color origin analysis reveals that the absorption peaks of the ultraviolet spec trum caused by Cr3+ in the yellow-green and blue-purple regions account for the pink color of the Vietnamese and Madagascan samples. The lower UV wavelength position of the two main peaks in the Madagascan samples, as compared to the Vietnamese ones, indicates that Fe3+ d–d transitions, as well as transitions between Fe2+—Ti4+ and Fe3+—Ti3+ ions, enhance blue light transmission and cause the samples to tend towards a purple hue. Compared with the pink-red corundum of the same marble type (Myanmar and Yunnan, China), the Vietnamese samples have lower V, Mg, and Ga contents and a higher Fe content. Compared with the pink-red corundum of the high-iron type (Thailand, Cambodia, and Tanzania), the Madagascan samples have lower Fe and higher Ga contents overall.

It can be concluded that the blue color mechanism in sapphires before and after heating under different atmospheric environments can be explained by an energy-band model involving the presence or absence of Fe3+-Ti4+ mixed acceptor states, as well as a hole color center within the energy band gap. Furthermore, after heating at 1300 °C and 1500 °C in a reducing environment, the oxidation state of Fe gradually decreases from 3+ to 2+. The samples turn black upon heating to 1500 °C, indicating that Fe2+-Ti4+ is responsible for the black color rather than the blue observed in sapphires.

Chemistry of SapphireHide

Mindat Formula:

Al₂O₃

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
Al	52.925 %
O	47.075 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Al, O - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Geological EnvironmentHide

Geological Setting:

basaltic or metamorphic localities and alluvials derived from them.

Synonyms of SapphireHide

Other Language Names for SapphireHide

Arabic:Jacut

Basque:Zafiro

Bulgarian:Сапфир

Czech:Safír

Danish:Safir

Dutch:Saffier

Esperanto:Safiro

Estonian:Safiir

Finnish:Safiiri

French:Saphir

German:Saphir
Ultralit

Greek:Ζαφείρι

Hebrew:ספיר

Hindi:नीलम

Indonesian:Safir

Italian:Zaffiro

Japanese:サファイア

Latin:Sapphirus
Carbunculus (in part)

Latvian:Safīrs

Lithuanian:Safyras

Norwegian:Safir

Polish:Szafir

Portuguese:Safira

Romanian:Safir

Russian:Сапфир

Simplified Chinese:蓝宝石

Slovak:Zafír

Slovenian:Safir

Spanish:Zafiro
Ultralita

Swedish:Safir

Telugu:నీలమణి

Turkish:Safir

Ukrainian:Сапфір

Vietnamese:Xa-phia

Varieties of SapphireHide

"Kashmir" Sapphire	"Kashmir" sapphire is a trade term for the sapphire of violetish blue to pure blue hue with strong to vivid saturation and medium-dark tone. The stones have a velvety lustre due to minute inclusions. The colour is also known as "cornflower blue". "Kashmir...
Asteriated Sapphire	A variety of Sapphire exhibiting the property of asterism.
Cat Sapphire	Oriental sapphires of some value but not of the characteristic colour.
Padparadscha	A salmon-pink coloured gem sapphire. It is GIA's opinion that this color range should be limited to light to medium tones of pinkish orange to orange-pink hues. Lacking delicacy, the dark brownish orange or even medium brownish orange tones of corundum f...
Star Sapphire	A variety of sapphire that exhibits a star pattern when viewed down the c axis. The chatoyance is due to oriented microscopic inclusions (nanorods) of diaspore (Nadin, 2007). The Star of India is the largest star sapphire in the world (563 carats or 113 ...

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

36 photos of Sapphire associated with Corundum	Al₂O₃
32 photos of Sapphire associated with 'Ruby'	Al₂O₃
17 photos of Sapphire associated with Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
16 photos of Sapphire associated with Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
14 photos of Sapphire associated with Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
11 photos of Sapphire associated with Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
11 photos of Sapphire associated with Mica Group
10 photos of Sapphire associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
10 photos of Sapphire associated with Dravite	NaMg₃Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
9 photos of Sapphire associated with Quartz	SiO₂

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Industrial Uses:

gemstones

Internet Links for SapphireHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-3529.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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Look for Sapphire in the Rock H. Currier Digital Library

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for SapphireHide

Reference List:

Klaproth, M. H. (1795) IV. Untersuchung des orientalischen Sapphirs. In Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper Vol. 1. Rottmann. p.81-89.

WIEDERHORN, S. M. (1969) Fracture of Sapphire. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 52 (9). 485-491 doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1969.tb09199.x

Webster, R. & Read, P.G. (1994): Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification. 5th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1026 pp.

Hughes, Richard W. (1997) Ruby & Sapphire. RWH Publishing.

Ward, F. (1998): Rubies and sapphires. Gem Book Publishers, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 64 pp.

Giuliani, Gaston, Fallick, Anthony E., Garnier, Virginie, France-Lanord, Christian, Ohnenstetter, Daniel, Schwarz, Dietmar (2005) Oxygen isotope composition as a tracer for the origins of rubies and sapphires. Geology, 33 (4) 249 doi:10.1130/g21261.1

Smith, C.P. (2010) Inside sapphires. Rapaport Diamond Report, 33(7), 123–132.

Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Groat, L., Fagan, A.J. (2014): The geology and genesis of gem corundum deposits. In: Groat, L.A. (ed.) Geology of Gem Deposits. 2nd ed., Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course 44, pp. 29-112.

Boehm, Edward (2017) Sapphire Origin Determination: Past and Present . 14th Sinkankas Symposium, 14. Lotus Gemology. 102-108

McClure, Shane (2017) Sapphhire Treatments and Their Detection , in Sapphire. 14th Sinkankas Symposium, 14. Lotus Gemology. 98-102

Thoresen, Lisbet (2017) Archaeogemology of Sapphire. 14th Sinkankas Symposium, 14. Lotus Gemology. 74-92

Overlin, Stuart (ed.) (2017) Sapphire. 14th Sinkankas Symposium, 14. Lotus Gemology.

Harlow, Georgo (2017) Syenite-Hosted Sapphires - What's Going On. 14th Sinkankas Symposium, 14. Lotus Gemology. 22-34

Palke, Aaron C.; Saeseaw, Sudarat; Renfro, Nathan D.; Sun, Ziyin; McClure, Shane F. (2019) Geographic Origin Determination of Blue Sapphire. Gems & Gemology, 55 (4). 536-579 doi:10.5741/gems.55.4.536

Huang, Shizhan, Lin, Jiaming, Wang, Ningchang, Guo, Bicheng, Jiang, Feng, Wen, Qiuling, Lu, Xizhao (2021) Fracture Behavior of Single-Crystal Sapphire in Different Crystal Orientations. Crystals, 11 (8) 930pp. doi:10.3390/cryst11080930

Wang, Guang-Ya, Yu, Xiao-Yan, Liu, Fei (2022) Genesis of Color Zonation and Chemical Composition of Penglai Sapphire in Hainan Province, China. Minerals, 12 (7) 832 doi:10.3390/min12070832

Yang, Yunqi, Wang, Chaowen, Wang, Chengsi, Shen, Xibing, Yin, Ke, Chen, Tao, Shen, Andy Hsitien, Algeo, Thomas J., Hong, Hanlie (2023) The Covariation of Color and Orange Fluorescence Instabilities in Yellow Sapphires. Minerals, 13 (5) 663 doi:10.3390/min13050663

[1]Krzemnicki, Michael S., Lefèvre, Pierre, Zhou, Wei, Braun, Judith, Spiekermann, Georg (2023) Dehydration of Diaspore and Goethite during Low-Temperature Heating as Criterion to Separate Unheated from Heated Rubies and Sapphires. Minerals, 13 (12) doi:10.3390/min13121557

[2]Amphon, Ratthaphon, Chankhantha, Chawalit, Srimuang, Chanisara, Vongsetskul, Suchinda, Intarasiri, Saweat, Shen, Andy H. (2024) Changes in Blue Color of Sapphire Compared with Oxidation State Changes. Minerals, 14 (4) doi:10.3390/min14040333

Eßl, Werner, Reiss, Georg, Trasca, Raluca Andreea, Sistaninia, Masoud, Raninger, Peter, Lohrasbi, Sina (2024) The Melt–Crystal Interface in the Production of Monocrystalline Sapphire via Heat Exchanger Method—Numerical Simulation Aspects. Crystals, 14 (12). doi:10.3390/cryst14121036

[3]Guo, Qiurong, Li, Pengyu, Wang, Mingying, Zhao, Siyi, Yang, Sichun, Shi, Guanghai (2025) Color Mechanism Analysis and Origin Comparison of Pink-Purple Sapphires from Vietnam and Madagascar. Crystals, 15 (3). doi:10.3390/cryst15030229

Sorokina, Elena S.; Schmitt, Axel K.; Häger, Tobias; Hopp, Jens (2026) High-spatial-resolution oxygen isotopic analysis to distinguish natural from synthetic corundum. European Journal of Mineralogy, 38 (2). 123-134 doi:10.5194/ejm-38-123-2026

[4]Klomranok, Chunenapa; Sakkaravej, Somruedee; Wongkokua, Wiwat; Saiyasombat, Chatree; Monarumit, Natthapong (2026) The Blue Coloration of Natural Sapphires After Heating in Oxidizing and Reducing Environments. Crystals, 16 (7). doi:10.3390/cryst16070475

Localities for SapphireHide

Showing 777 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Afghanistan
Badakhshan Ishkashim District ⓘ Ab-i-Panja	Orris et al. (2002)
ⓘ Kokcha Valley	TVM Specimen - A number of these ...
Yamgan District ⓘ Hazrat Said	Woodside et al. (2014)
Kabul Surobi District ⓘ Jegdalek ruby deposit	Orris et al. (2002)

Antarctica

East Antarctica Queen Maud Land Lützow-Holm Bay ⓘ Akarui Point	Kawakami et al. (2008)

Argentina
Jujuy Province Rinconada Department ⓘ Cerro Granadas	Zappettini (1999)
ⓘ Orosmayo River	Graham et al. (2018)

Australia
New South Wales Arrawatta Co. Frazers Creek ⓘ Frazers Creek alluvials	Brown R.E. (1997)
ⓘ Kings Plains	Coenraads (1994)
Nullamanna ⓘ Weean Creek alluvials	R.E Brown and W.J Stroud
Sapphire ⓘ Billabong Blue Sapphire Fossicking Park	Coenraads (1994)
ⓘ Horse Gully alluvials	R.E Brown and W.J Stroud
Buccleuch Co. ⓘ McPhersons Creek Sapphire prospect	Gilligan (1975)
Buller Co. Wilsons Downfall ⓘ Herding Yard Gully (Herding Yard Creek; Seven Mile)	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Ruby Creek	Brown et al. (2001)
ⓘ Two Mile Creek	Brown et al. (2001)
ⓘ Wards Gully	Brown et al. (2001)
ⓘ Wylie Creek and tributaries	Brown et al. (2001)
Clarke Co. ⓘ Backwater Creek	Gilligan et al. (1992)
Oban ⓘ Ann River (Oban River)	Gilligan et al. (1992)
Round Mountain ⓘ Biscuit Creek	Gilligan et al. (1992)
ⓘ Sara River	Gilligan et al. (1992)
Yooroonah ⓘ Oaky River	Gilligan et al. (1992)
Clive Co. Binghi ⓘ Lower Round Swamp Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Lower Round Swamp Creek alluvials	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Blather Arm alluvials (Blather Arm; Blather Creek)	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Bonds Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Gem Haven	Henley et al. (2001)
Gibraltar Range National Park ⓘ Pheasant Creek alluvials	Henley et al. (2001)
Glen Elgin ⓘ Glen Elgin Creek (Timbarra River alluvials)	Henley et al. (2001)
Silent Grove ⓘ Bald Rock Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Upper Catarrh Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
Fitzroy Co. ⓘ Gills Sapphire deposit	Gilligan et al. (1992)
Gloucester Co. Barrington Tops ⓘ Gloucester Ruby mine
Gough Co. Apple Tree Gully ⓘ Apple Tree Gully alluvials	Brown et al. (1997)
Bald Nob ⓘ Severn River	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Camerons Creek (Camerons Creek alluvials)	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Central and Doughboy Volcanic Province	Duggan +4 other references
ⓘ Dog Trap Gully	Henley et al. (2001)
Dundee ⓘ Severn River Sapphires	Henley et al. (2001)
Elsmore ⓘ Braemar sapphire deposit	Brown et al. (1997)
Emmaville ⓘ Hogans sapphire mine	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Kangaroo Flat lead (Manuels prospect; The Camp)	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Kennedys lead	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Wycliffe deposit	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Glen Innes	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Back Plain Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Beardy Waters	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Chandlers Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Clairvaulx Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Furracabad Creek 1	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Furracabad Creek 2	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Hamels Gully	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Maids Valley Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Pablos Sapphire Mine	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Reddestone Creek	Department of Mineral Resources et al. (booklet) +1 other reference
ⓘ Rocky Ponds Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Skeleton Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
Glencoe ⓘ Grahams Valley Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Kellys Hut Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Marowan Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Maryland sapphire (Maryland sapphire prospect)	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Yarrow River	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Inverell	Webb et al. (1998) +1 other reference
ⓘ Mann River	Henley et al. (2001)
Paradise Creek ⓘ Paradise Creek alluvials	R.E Brown and W.J Stroud
ⓘ Scrubby Creek alluvials	Henley et al. (2001)
Stannifer ⓘ Sheep Station Gully and tributaries	R.E Brown and W.J Stroud
Swan Brook ⓘ Swan Brook alluvials	R.E Brown and W.J Stroud
Wellingrove ⓘ Sides sapphire Mine	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Walkers Sapphire Mine	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Wellingrove Creek	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ Wellingrove fossicking area	Henley et al. (2001)
ⓘ White Billy sapphire deposit	Henley et al. (2001)
Hardinge Co. ⓘ Barn Gully alluvial tin	Brown et al. (1992)
ⓘ Baxters sapphire deposit	Brown et al. (1992)
ⓘ Ben Lomond	Joel Williams Collection
ⓘ Loxton Sapphire deposit	Brown et al. (1992)
ⓘ The Falls alluvial tin	Brown et al. (1992)
Tingha ⓘ Copes Creek and tributaries	Brown et al. (1997)
ⓘ Darbys Creek and tributaries	Brown et al. (1997)
Wandsworth ⓘ Georges Creek	Gilligan et al. (1992)
ⓘ Moredun Creek (Clerks Creek; Kellys Creek; Branch Moredun Creek)	Gilligan et al. (1992)
ⓘ Moredun Creek Sapphire deposit	Brown et al. (1992)
Yarrowyck ⓘ Gwydir River alluvial gold	Brown et al. (1992)
Hume Co. Corowa ⓘ Corowa Deep Lead Gold Mine	Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets
Inglis Co. Watsons Creek ⓘ Watsons Creek alluvial tin mine	Brown et al. (1992)
King Co. Crookwell ⓘ Kiamma Creek Mine	Felton E. Anne (1975)
Murchison Co. Bingara ⓘ Eaglehawk Creek	Burchester (1972)
Nandewar Co. Narrabri ⓘ Alpha Diamond Mine	Brown et al. (1992)
Roxburgh Co. Capertee ⓘ Airlee Mountain Deep Lead	Sydney 1:500
Sandon Co. Armidale Gully ⓘ Unnamed deposit	Gilligan et al. (1992)
Gara Dam ⓘ Promise Mines	Gilligan et al. (1992)
Selwyn Co. Tumbarumba ⓘ Bald Hill Alluvials	Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets
ⓘ Tumbarumba Deep Lead (Tumbarumba Mine)	Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets
Wellington Co. Mudgee ⓘ Two Mile Flat	Sutherland et al. (2003)
Westmoreland County ⓘ Black Springs	Jerry
Northern Territory Central Desert Region ⓘ Harts Range (Harts Ranges; Hartz Range; Hartz Ranges)	[MinRec 11:271]
Ambalindum Station Spriggs Creek Bore (Spriggs Bore) ⓘ Inkamulla Sapphire Deposit	R Bottrill
ⓘ Queensland	gemexplorer.org (n.d.)
Central Highlands Region ⓘ Anakie	Sankey (1907) +2 other references
ⓘ Rubyvale Fossicking area	- (n.d.)
ⓘ Sapphire Fossicking area	...
ⓘ Scrub Lead Fossicking area	www.dme.qld.gov.au (n.d.)
ⓘ Hoy Volcanic Province	Veevers et al. (1964) +2 other references
ⓘ Tomahawk Creek	Raffan (2018)
ⓘ Willows Gemfields	Alexander Ringel collection
Etheridge Shire ⓘ Undara Volcanic National Park	www.corunduminium.com (n.d.)
Tablelands Region Kinrara National Park ⓘ Lava Plains	Sutherland
ⓘ Mount Gibson	On the topaz trail. P. O’Brien
South Australia Barossa Council Williamstown ⓘ Gordon Reward Mine	Barossa SI5409 6628I Record of mines - ...
Pastoral Unincorporated Area Arkaroola (Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary; Arkaroola Station) Mount Painter area ⓘ Corundum Mine	Coats et al. (1971)
Tasmania Break O'Day municipality ⓘ Blue Tier district	Bottrill et al. (2008)
ⓘ Blue Tier tinfield	Bottrill et al. (2008)
Derwent Valley municipality ⓘ Adamsfield	Bottrill & Baker +1 other reference
Dorset municipality ⓘ Branxholm	Bottrill et al. (2008)
ⓘ Derby	Sorrell (n.d.)
Moorina ⓘ Frome River	R Bottrill collection
ⓘ Weld River	Bottrill et al. (2008)
Pioneer ⓘ Pioneer tin field	Bottrill et al. (2008)
Glamorgan Spring Bay municipality ⓘ Coles Bay	Bottrill et al. (2008)
Waratah-Wynyard municipality ⓘ Boat Harbour	Anderson (1905)
ⓘ Sister's Creek	Sutherland +1 other reference
Victoria Cardinia Shire ⓘ Cardinia Creek	Birch et al. (1999)
ⓘ Gembrook	Toby Billing
ⓘ Pakenham	GHF Ulrich (1870)
City of Greater Geelong Anakie ⓘ Brownes Road	Judy Rowe collection
East Gippsland Shire ⓘ Marlo-Mallacoota District
Mornington Peninsula Shire Flinders area ⓘ Point Leo	Birch et al. (2013)
Northern Grampians Shire Carapooee ⓘ Alluvial gold mine	Birch et al. (2007) +1 other reference
Pyrenees Shire Amphitheatre ⓘ Sedimentary Holdings alluvial gold operations
Rural City of Wangaratta Eldorado ⓘ Cocks Eldorado dredge
ⓘ Reedy Creek	Dunn et al. (1913)
Western Australia Carnarvon Shire Williambury Station ⓘ Williambury Station sapphire	Fetherston et al. (2013)
Cue Shire ⓘ Poona	Marshall et al. (2016)
ⓘ Aga Khan Mine	Groat et al. (2008)
ⓘ Ruby mine	Fetherston et al. (2013)

Austria
Lower Austria Krems-Land District Gföhl Felling ⓘ Latzenhof	Harald Schillhammer collection
Upper Austria Urfahr-Umgebung District Ottensheim ⓘ Dürnberg	Brandstetter (2000)

Brazil
Bahia Canudos ⓘ Salobro	Sauer (1982)
ⓘ Capim Grosso	Sauer (1982)
Ceará ⓘ Sobral	Rafael Hernandes Corrêa-Silva .
ⓘ Goiás	Martins da Pedra collection
ⓘ Mato Grosso	Sauer (1982)
Minas Gerais ⓘ Datas	Sauer (1982)
ⓘ Diamantina	Sauer (1982)
ⓘ Rio de Janeiro	Sauer (1982)
ⓘ São Paulo	Sauer (1982)

Cambodia

Battambang Province Samlot field ⓘ Bolanh	United Nations (1993)
Koh Kong Province ⓘ Chamnop (Chum Nop; Chamna)	United Nations (1993)
Mondulkiri Province ⓘ Ba Kev (Bokeo; Bakeo; Bo Khev; Andaung Pich; Andaung Pech; Phumi Ba Kev; Phum Ba Key)	Eldridge M. Moores (1997)
Pailin Province ⓘ Pailin District	Gübelin et al. (1976) +5 other references
ⓘ Bo Pie Rin Mine (Hills of Precious Stones Mine)	Rocks & Min.: 20:467.
ⓘ Phnom Ko Ngoap	Kievlenko et al. (2003)
ⓘ Phnum Yat	Concise Field Report Volume 1: Pailin (Dec 2008 – Feb 2009)
Sala Krau District ⓘ Phnum O Tang	Kievlenko et al. (2003)
ⓘ Suon Umpal	www.gia.edu (n.d.)
ⓘ Preăh Vihéar Province
ⓘ Phnom Chnuon	United Nations (1993)
ⓘ Phum Thmei (1)	United Nations (1993)
ⓘ Phum Thmei (2)	United Nations (1993)
Ratanakiri Province ⓘ Ba Kev (Bo Kheo; Bo Kham; Bokeo; Phumi Ba Key; Andaung Pich; Andaung Pech)	United Nations (1993)

Cameroon
Southwest Region Manyu Eyumodjock ⓘ Nsanaragati placer	Kanouo et al. (2012)

Canada
British Columbia Revelstoke Mining Division ⓘ Blue Jay claim	Montgomery (n.d.)
Slocan Mining Division ⓘ Blu Starr	[var: Star Sapphire] - (n.d.)
Newfoundland and Labrador ⓘ Newfoundland	www.alpinegems.net
ⓘ Northwest Territories	www.alpinegems.net
Great Slave Lake Outpost Island ⓘ Philmore Mine	Sabina (1964)
Nunavut Qikiqtaaluk Region Baffin Island Kimmirut (Lake Harbour) ⓘ Beluga sapphire property	www.gia.edu (2006) +1 other reference
ⓘ Lake Harbour Group	Belley et al. (2020)
Ontario ⓘ Bancroft area	Grice (1989) +1 other reference
Hastings County Town of Bancroft ⓘ Dungannon Township	Kievlenko et al. (2003)
York River area ⓘ Egan Chute occurrences	Geology Ontario MNDMF MDI File ...
ⓘ Golding-Keene Quarry	Jacob Stanaszek Collection
Peterborough County ⓘ Havelock-Belmont-Methuen Township	Kievlenko et al. (2003)
Québec Abitibi-Témiscamingue La Vallée-de-l'Or RCM Réservoir-Dozois ⓘ Cabonga Reservoir	Olivier Langelier Collection

Chile
Atacama Copiapó Province Copiapó ⓘ Portezuelo de Pajas Blancas deposit	Miranda-Díaz et al. (2022)

China
Fujian Sanming Mingxi County Gaiyang ⓘ Sapphire deposit	Qiu Zhili et al. (2005)
Hainan Ding'an Co. Penglai ⓘ Penglai Gem deposit	Wang Denghong et al. (2000) +1 other reference
ⓘ Wenchang Co. ?	Giuliani et al. (2007)
Jiangsu Nanjing Luhe District ⓘ Lianshan Mine	Kamitani et al. (2007)
Jilin Jilin Huadian City ⓘ Huifa River	Sun et al. (2023)
Shandong Weifang Changle County Wutu ⓘ Sapphire deposit	- (n.d.) +3 other references
Tibet Lhasa Qüxü Co. (Qushui Co.) ⓘ Liangguo corundum deposit	Zhang et al. (2018)
ⓘ Nianggui corundum deposit	Changbi Li (1991)
Xinjiang Kezilesu Autonomous Prefecture (Kizilsu Autonomous Prefecture; Qizilsu Autonomous Prefecture) Aketao Co. (Akto Co.; Aqto Co.) Subashi (Subashen) ⓘ Subashi corundum deposit	Tang (2005)
Yunnan Wenshan Malipo County ⓘ Shiguanmen-Luoshuidong corundum deposits	Wang et al. (2025)
Zhejiang Lishui Qingtian County Haikou ⓘ Pyrophyllite deposit	Xuanmin Zhu et al. (2001)

Colombia
Cauca Department Mercaderes ⓘ Río Mayo	Sutherland et al. (2008)

Czech Republic
Hradec Králové Region Trutnov District Dolní Olešnice Vestřev ⓘ Vestřev alluvial placer deposit	Pašava et al. (2015)
Liberec Region Jablonec nad Nisou District Kořenov Jizerka ⓘ Jizerská louka	Kotrlý
Ústí nad Labem Region Litoměřice District Třebívlice Staré ⓘ Linhorka Hill	Locality description

DR Congo
Ituri Mambasa Territory Mambasa ⓘ Liha river	e-rocks.com (n.d.) +1 other reference
Kasaï ⓘ Kasai river alluvials	Edwards (1917)

Ethiopia
Oromia Region Borena Zone ⓘ Shakiso	Stephan et al. (2019)

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Ain Bourg-en-Bresse Jayat ⓘ Jayat quarry	Ducluzaux (2024)
Allier Moulins Neuvy ⓘ Allier river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Vichy Saint-Didier-la-Forêt Andelot River watershed ⓘ Grand Etang alluvial deposits	François Périnet
Varennes-sur-Allier ⓘ Chazeuil	François Périnet collection
Cantal Aurillac Lascelle ⓘ Jordanne stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Thiézac ⓘ Cère stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Mauriac Beaulieu ⓘ Beaulieu brook alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
ⓘ Thynières gully alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Menet ⓘ Puy de Menoyre	Robin Fialip photo & specimen
ⓘ Sumène river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Salers Anglards-de-Salers ⓘ Mars stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Saint-Flour Roffiac ⓘ Ander stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Ségur-les-Villas ⓘ Santoire stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Haute-Loire Brioude Cerzat le Chambon ⓘ Allier river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Frugières-le-Pin ⓘ Sénouire river alluvial deposits	Servant (2010)
Mazeyrat-d'Allier Saint-Eble ⓘ Cizières stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
ⓘ Mont Coupet	PEGERE G. (1994)
Saint-Bérain Chardassac ⓘ Moulins stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Vergues ⓘ Grosse Vache river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Saint-Christophe-d'Allier ⓘ France stream alluvial deposits	Simonet (2000)
Saint-Ilpize ⓘ Bancillon stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Ribeyre ⓘ Bouchassou stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Saint-Julien-des-Chazes ⓘ Métou stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.) +1 other reference
ⓘ Pommier stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Saint-Privat-du-Dragon Feneyrolles ⓘ Feneyrolles stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Siaugues-Sainte-Marie ⓘ Lespitalet	Périnet (n.d.)
Plancheresse ⓘ Ance stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Vergonzac ⓘ Métou stream alluvial deposits	Jean Brun collection
Vieille-Brioude Champlong ⓘ La Borie stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Vissac-Auteyrac ⓘ Vissac	Gonnard (1910)
Le Puy-en-Velay Blanzac Azanières ⓘ Breuil stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Le Moulin de Blanzac ⓘ Chalon stream alluvial deposits	François Périnet collection
Blavozy ⓘ Sainzelles	Gonnard (1910)
Brives-Charensac ⓘ Loire river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Cayres ⓘ Volcanic scoria deposit	Gonnard (1910)
Ceyssac ⓘ Mont Croustet	GIROD
Chomelix ⓘ Gouise stream alluvial deposits	Simonet (2000)
ⓘ Coubon	Gonnard (1910)
ⓘ Charentus	Gonnard (1910)
ⓘ Latour brook alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Espaly-Saint-Marcel ⓘ Croix-de-la-Paille	Gonnard (1910)
ⓘ Mont Denise	Gonnard (1910)
ⓘ Riou des Brus alluvial deposits	Heavy sands collected by Charles Nicolas
ⓘ Riou Pezzouliou alluvial deposits	Belot (1978) +1 other reference
Le Brignon ⓘ Bèthe stream alluvial deposits	Périchaud J.-J. (1986)
Le Puy-en-Velay ⓘ La Garde d’Ours	Gonnard (1910)
ⓘ La Garde de Mons	Gonnard (1910)
Le Riou ⓘ Riou stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Ours ⓘ Farnier stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
ⓘ Taulhac	Gonnard (1910)
ⓘ Taulhac stream alluvial deposits	Jean Brun collection
Polignac ⓘ Bilhac	Gonnard (1910)
Chanceaux ⓘ Chalon stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
ⓘ La Boriette	Gonnard (1910)
ⓘ Les Estreys	Gonnard (1910)
Rochelimagne ⓘ Communac stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Saint-Jean-de-Nay ⓘ Beyssac	Périnet (n.d.)
Cereix ⓘ Cereix stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Saint-Jean-Lachalm ⓘ La Planche stream alluvial deposits	François Périnet collection
Séjallières ⓘ Pichier stream alluvial deposits	Collection François Périnet
Saint-Paulien ⓘ Vialette	Gonnard (1910)
Cougeac ⓘ Breuil stream alluvial deposits	François Périnet collection
ⓘ Saint-Privat-d'Allier	Jean Brun collection
Vals-près-le-Puy ⓘ Dolaison stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Loire Montbrison Saint-Just-Saint-Rambert ⓘ Bonson brook alluvials	Personnaly collected by Matthias Diot
ⓘ Vizézy brook alluvials	Personnaly collected by Matthias Diot
Puy-de-Dôme Clermont-Ferrand Aydat ⓘ Monne stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Billom ⓘ Marcillat stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Olloix ⓘ Monne stream alluvial deposits	Gaétan Bouclet collecton
Saint-Sandoux ⓘ Puy de Saint-Sandoux (Puy de Barneire)	LACROIX A. (1894)
Saulzet-le-Froid ⓘ Veyre stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Issoire Aurières ⓘ Chevalard stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Avèze ⓘ Dordogne river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Chambon-sur-Lac Voissière ⓘ Couze de Chaudefour stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Gelles La Miouze ⓘ Sioule river alluvial deposits	collected by François Périnet.
Issoire ⓘ Boulade stream alluvial deposits	Jean Brun collection
La Tour-d'Auvergne ⓘ Mortagne stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Labessette La Vialolle ⓘ La Panouille stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Laqueuille ⓘ Fondain stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Larodde ⓘ Burande stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Murol Boissières ⓘ Frédet stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Nébouzat ⓘ Gigeole stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Olby Le Glavin ⓘ Sioule river alluvial deposits	collected by François Périnet.
ⓘ Sioulot stream alluvial deposits	F Périnet collection
Perpezat ⓘ Buges stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Jollère ⓘ Rioupéroux stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
ⓘ Plane stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Picherande Chareire ⓘ Chareire stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Singles La Guinguette ⓘ Mortagne stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Vernines Ribeyre ⓘ Sioule river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Thiers Dorat ⓘ Dore river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Nièvre Nevers Avril-sur-Loire La Prole ⓘ Etang Cossay brook alluvial deposits	collected by Gaétan Bouclet and ...
Marzy ⓘ Loire river alluvial deposits	Gaétan Bouclet collection
Saône-et-Loire Charolles Saint-Aubin-sur-Loire ⓘ Le Raffaut stream alluvial deposits	François Périnet collection
Gilly-sur-Loire ⓘ Loire river alluvial deposits	François Périnet collection
Brittany Finistère Brest Plouarzel Ruscumunoc ⓘ Ruscumunoc beach alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Châteaulin Coray ⓘ Vréac'h Coat	Boydard (2016)
Morlaix Plourin-lès-Morlaix ⓘ Jarlot stream alluvial deposits	Heavy sands collected by Marc Bassoulet ...
Quimper Concarneau ⓘ Cornouaille beach alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Névez ⓘ Kersidan beach alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Morbihan Lorient Guidel Guidel-Plages ⓘ Le Loch beach alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Ploemeur ⓘ Le Courégant beach alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Port-Louis ⓘ Gâvres beach alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Vannes Penestin ⓘ La Mine d'Or beach alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Questembert Caden ⓘ Bouloterie stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Sulniac ⓘ Liziec stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Centre-Val de Loire Cher Saint-Amand-Montrond Cours-les-Barres ⓘ Loire river alluvial deposits	François Périnet collection
Cuffy Le Guétin ⓘ Allier river alluvial deposits	François Périnet collection
Eure-et-Loir Chartres Prasville ⓘ La Michellerie Quarry	Gaétan Bouclet collection
Indre-et-Loire Tours Berthenay ⓘ Loire river alluvial deposits	collected by François Périnet.
Loir-et-Cher Blois Herbault Chouzy-sur-Cisse ⓘ Loire river alluvial deposits	collected by François Périnet.
Loiret Montargis Gien ⓘ Loire river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Orléans Beaugency ⓘ Loire river alluvial deposits	François Périnet collection +1 other reference
Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire ⓘ Loire river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Grand Est Haut-Rhin Mulhouse Kembs ⓘ Rhine river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Nouvelle-Aquitaine Charente-Maritime Rochefort Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron Saint-Georges-d'Oléron ⓘ Domino beach alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Dordogne Sarlat-la-Canéda Journiac ⓘ La Panouille stream alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Pyrénées-Atlantiques Oloron-Sainte-Marie Aramits ⓘ Col d'Urdach	Fauvain et al. (2010) +1 other reference
Occitanie Hautes-Pyrénées Argelès-Gazost Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre ⓘ Gave de Pau river alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Lozère Mende Grandrieu ⓘ Chambon-le-Château	Simonet (2000)
Pyrénées-Orientales Perpignan Le Barcarès Port-Barcarès ⓘ Arènes beach alluvial deposits	Heavy sands collected by Christian ...
ⓘ Le Lido beach alluvial deposits	Heavy sands collected by Christian ...
Pays de la Loire Loire-Atlantique Nantes Le Pallet ⓘ La Mercredière	Baret (1905) +1 other reference
Saint-Nazaire Saint-Michel-Chef-Chef ⓘ La Roussellerie beach alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Vendée Les Sables-d'Olonne Bretignolles-sur-Mer ⓘ Les Taillées beach alluvial deposits	Jean-Marc Johannet collection
ⓘ Rocher Sainte-Véronique beach alluvial deposits	Périnet (n.d.)
Talmont-Saint-Hilaire ⓘ Les Sards	Gol (2013)
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Bouches-du-Rhône Aix-en-Provence Peyrolles-en-Provence ⓘ Durance river alluvial deposits	Périnet F. (2018)

Germany
Bavaria Upper Palatinate Cham District Waldmünchen Herzogau ⓘ Quartz quarries	Weiß (1990)
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Siegen-Wittgenstein Neunkirchen Hohenseelbachskopf ⓘ Basalt quarry	Haege (1887)
Cologne Leverkusen ⓘ Rhine alluvials	Purwin (2017)
Rhein-Sieg-Kreis Königswinter ⓘ Bierenberg	Dechen (1852)
ⓘ Eudenberg quarry
ⓘ Jungfernberg	Dechen (1852)
Düsseldorf Solingen Wald ⓘ Itter alluvials	Lorenz et al. (2015)
Rhineland-Palatinate Ahrweiler Brohltal Glees ⓘ Hüttenberg sand pit	Brauns (1922)
Remagen Unkelbach ⓘ Unkelstein	Dechen (1852)
Mayen-Koblenz Mendig Mendig ⓘ In den Dellen quarries	Collection of Bernd Ternes.
Vordereifel Ettringen ⓘ Caspar quarry
Saxony Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Sebnitz Hinterhermsdorf ⓘ Seufzergründel	Wagenknecht (1993)
Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Flensburg Selk ⓘ Selk gravel pits	Wittern (2001)

Greece
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Xanthi Myki ⓘ Gorgona	Voudouris et al. (2019)
North Aegean ⓘ Icaria	Karantoni et al. (2021)
South Aegean Naxos ⓘ Naxos Island	33-35 +2 other references
ⓘ Kavalaris Hill	Voudouris et al. (2019)
ⓘ Kinidaros	Voudouris et al. (2019) +2 other references

Greenland
Sermersooq Nuuk Qeqertarsuatsiaat area Aappaluttoq Ruby Occurrences ⓘ Aappaluttoq Ruby Mine	IDEX (2023)

Hungary
Pest County Szob District Márianosztra ⓘ Csák Hill	Sándor et al. (2005)

India

Jammu and Kashmir Kishtwar district Pádar ⓘ Kashmir sapphire mines	gemexplorer.org (n.d.)
Odisha ⓘ Karur	- (n.d.)
Tamil Nadu ⓘ Karur District	Martins da Pedra collection
Tiruppur District ⓘ Kangeyam	www.d4uweb.com (2010)

Indonesia
South Kalimantan Province Banjar Regency ⓘ Tanah Laut (Pontijn)
Riam Kanan ⓘ Cempaka diamond fields	Monument et al. (anti-clockwise from top left)
ⓘ Martapura

Iran
Hamadan Province Alvand Mountains ⓘ Corundum-bearing pegmatite	Alehashem et al. (2021)

Ireland
Leinster Wicklow County Croghan Kinshela Mountain ⓘ Gold Mines River	Henwood (1871)

Israel
Haifa District ⓘ Kishon river	Howard Coopersmith
ⓘ Kishon Mid Reach zone 2	J. Hattingh (2019)
Mount Carmel ⓘ Rakefet magmatic complex	Griffin et al. (2016)

Italy
Piedmont Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province Malesco ⓘ Rio della Lisca (Cappella del Group)	Roggiani (1969) +4 other references
Veneto Vicenza Province Lugo di Vicenza ⓘ Lonedo	Panebianco (1886-87) +3 other references
Valdagno Novale Rossati (Contrada Rossati di Sotto) ⓘ Fosse di Novale	Boscardin et al. (1975) +1 other reference

Japan
Fukushima Prefecture ⓘ Ishikawa District	Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970)
Gifu Prefecture Nakatsugawa City ⓘ Fukuoka	Geological Survey of Japan
ⓘ Hirukawa	Chishitsu Chousajo (1902)
ⓘ Yagenyama	Yamada (2004)
Iwate Prefecture Ichinoseki City Daitō ⓘ Daito mine	- (n.d.)
Nagano Prefecture Kiso District Nagiso ⓘ Tadachi	Chishitsu Chousajo (1902)
Nara Prefecture Kashiba City ⓘ Anamushi alluvials	Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto)

Kenya
Isiolo County Garba Tula ⓘ Dusi corundum deposit	Simonet et al. (2004)
ⓘ Kitui County
Taita-Taveta County ⓘ Voi

Kyrgyzstan
Naryn Region ⓘ Dolon paleovalley	Kievlenko et al. (2003)

Laos
Bokeo Province Houayxay District ⓘ Ban Huay Xai sapphire mines (Ban Huai Sai; Ban Houei Sai)	Sutherland et al. (2002) +2 other references

Madagascar
Alaotra-Mangoro Ambatondrazaka District Didy ⓘ Bemainty	Basel +1 other reference
ⓘ Maladialina	Pardieu et al. (2017)
ⓘ Milliard 1	Pardieu et al. (2017)
ⓘ Milliard 2	Pardieu et al. (2017)
ⓘ Tananarivo Carrieres	Pardieu et al. (2017)
ⓘ Didy ruby deposit	[var: Padparadscha] Peretti et al. (2012)
Moramanga District Beforona Commune ⓘ Ambohitranefitra	Giuliani et al. (2007)
Analanjirofo Fenoarivo Atsinanana Saranambana ⓘ Andilamena ruby deposit	Krebs +5 other references
Anosy Amboasary Sud District Maromby ⓘ Andranondambo phlogopite deposit	Behier (1963)
ⓘ Andranondambo sapphire deposits	Schwarz et al. (1996) +1 other reference
ⓘ Ankazoabo sapphire deposit	Wolfgang Hampel
ⓘ Tranomaro-Maromby area	Vanrusselt (2023)
Betroka District Ianabinda ⓘ Iankaroka corundum occurrence	Giuliani et al. (2007)
ⓘ Vohidava corundum deposit	Giuliani et al. (2007)
Atsimo-Andrefana Betioky District Bezaha ⓘ Bezaha sapphire deposits	Rakotondrazafy et al. (2008)
Atsimo-Atsinanana Midongy Atsimo ⓘ Marosely sapphire deposit	Pezzotta (2006)
Diana Ambanja District Antsirabe Antsahalapata Valley ⓘ Sapphire alluvials	Wolfgang Hampel (site visit 4 September 2011)
Djangoa Commune Andamby ⓘ Sapphire alluvials	Wolfgang Hampel (site visit 28 August 2011)
Antsiranana II District ⓘ Ambondromifehy sapphire deposit	Schwarz et al. (2000)
Ihorombe Ihosy District Ilakaka ⓘ Ilakaka gem deposit	Schmetzer (1999)
ⓘ Banque Suisse mining site (sapphire mines)	Pardieu (2013)
ⓘ Ilakaka Be	Pardieu (2013)
ⓘ New Vohimena gem deposit	www.gggems.com (n.d.)
Mahasoa ⓘ Sakeny corundum deposit	Giuliani et al. (2007)
Ranohira ⓘ Manombo Voavoa deposit	Gem News.Gems & Gemmology 39 (3)
Sahambano ⓘ Manivala (Sahambano corundum deposit)	Giuliani et al. (2007)
Zazafotsy ⓘ Zazafotsy Quarry (Amboarohy)	Giuliani et al. (2007)
Vakinankaratra Antanifotsy District Ambohimandroso ⓘ Antsahanandriana mining area	Hughes et al. (2017)
Antsirabe II District ⓘ Anjomakely	Rakotondrazafy et al. (2008)
Soanindrariny ⓘ Ravine near Mt. Vontovorona	Ungemach (1916)
ⓘ Sapphire deposits	Knut Edvard Larsen collection (Micro # 950)
Faratsiho ⓘ Andranomadio	Behier (1963)

Malawi
Central Region Ntcheu ⓘ Chimwadzulu Hill	[var: Padparadscha] Journal of Gemmology 2002 +3 other references
Southern Region Mwanza ⓘ Thambani Intrusion

Mongolia
Arkhangai Province Hangai highland Tariat Volcanic Province ⓘ Shavaryn Tsaram	Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.)

Myanmar

Kachin State Mohnyin District Hpakant Township (Hpakan; Phakant; Phakan) ⓘ Namyazeik (Namya; Nanyazeik)	[var: Padparadscha] Themelis (2008) +1 other reference
Myitkyina District ⓘ Tanai Township (Tanaing Township)	Re-entry of old Mindat data
Mandalay Region Pyin-Oo-Lwin District ⓘ Madaya Township
ⓘ Sagyin Hills	www.ruby-sapphire.com (2000)
ⓘ Mogok Township	Mason (1976) +3 other references
ⓘ Bernardmyo
ⓘ Ah-chauk-taw	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Htan-saing	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Htin-shu-myaing	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Htin-shu-taung	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ In-jauk (In-chauk)	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Lay-bauk (Taung-me)	Themelis (2008)
Lay-tha Taung ⓘ Lay-tha-anee-taw	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Lay-tha-apya-taw	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Le-taw	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Lwam-taung	Harald Schillhammer collection
ⓘ Panlin	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Chaung-gyi
ⓘ Chaung-gyi-ah-le-ywa	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Gurkha-konzan	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Kyauk-wa	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Lisu-konzan	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Mana-Lisu	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Shan-konzan	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Wa-hkan-sho (Ho-mine-sho)	Themelis (2008)
Kathé (Kathe) ⓘ Kyauk-pauk-kyatpyin	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Kyaungdwin	Halford-Watkins (1935b)
ⓘ Lu-hta-pyant	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Tagaung-nann-daing	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Wun-be-inn	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
Kin (Guard Post) ⓘ Kin-ko-lan-bauk	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Kin-kyauk-leik	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Kin-shu-taw	Themelis (2008)
Kyatpyin Central Baw-lon-gyi (Big Ball) ⓘ Baw-lon-gyi east	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Baw-lon-gyi west (Bon-lon west)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Baw-lon-lay (Small Ball)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Gyoung-U-bar	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Inn-gaung-pyant	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pan-ma (Flower)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pingu-taung-pyant	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pingu-taung east	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pingu-taung west	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pos-kon	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Ye-U-gyi (Big Water Well)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Ye-U-lay (Small Water Well)	Themelis (2008)
Kyatpyin North ⓘ Bawmar (Baw Mar mine)	Themelis (2008) +2 other references
ⓘ Kyauk-sin (Rock Elephant)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pan-taw (Pandaw)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Kyauk-Pyat-That	Gübelin et al. (1976)
ⓘ Ah-sein-taw	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Ah-tet-inbyae (Open Pit)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Auk-inbyae (Lower Open-Pit)	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Gwebin (Gwe Tree)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Khabine)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Kyauk-pyat-that-atay-pyant	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Man-taw-bin	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pazun-seik (Pazon-Seit)	Harlow et al. (2008) +1 other reference
ⓘ Sate-inn-loo	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Sinkwa	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Thit-seint-kone	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Thurein-taung	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Myan Gyi mine (Myaing-Gyi mine)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Tha-gyi-loo	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Wet-loo (Wetloo)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Hinthar-taung (Hinthar hill)	Harald Schillhammer collection
Yadanar-kaday-kadar ⓘ Loke-khet-inn (Worksite No. 1)	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Lone-sho (Worksite No. 2)	Themelis (2008)
Marble Ark ⓘ Dan-dagu-taung	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Kolan	Themelis (2008)
Kyauk-poke (Rotten Stone) ⓘ Nyaung-bin-sho	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Kyauk-sar-taung	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Kyi-taung (Clear Mountain)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Myeme (Black Earth)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Mayne-taung (Red Ground Hill)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pyar-swel-sho (Beehive Gully)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Ohn-bin-Kyatpyin	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pyaung-pyin-ahnout (Pyaung-pein west)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Sin-thé-gyant	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Than-tayar (Hundred Billions)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Win-hta-yan (Fence)	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Yankin-taung (Safe Hill)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Mogok Valley	Gübelin et al. (1976)
Dattaw-taung (Dattaw hill) ⓘ Dattaw-pyant & Dattaw-chaung	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Ha-pha-lar-sho	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Lay-bin-sin	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Le-U-thet-kachan	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Lin-yaung-chi (Bright Light Rays)	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Mintada (King's Bridge)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Myaw-pyet	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Nga-yant-inn (old Pan-sho; Padan-sho)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Ohn-bin-ywe-htwet (Coconut Tree mine)	Themelis (2008) +1 other reference
ⓘ Ohngaing	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Shon-ban-gyi	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Shon-daw-myaing	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Shwe-pyi-aye	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Ye-bauk-thar-yar (Ye-bauk-thayar)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Yebu-kalar-gon	[var: Star Sapphire] Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Yebu-thapanbin-kyar (Thabapin)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Yebu (Hot Water)	Themelis (2008)
On-dan ⓘ Hanamataw-lay (Royal Small Sister)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ On-dan-pyant	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit)
Gaw-Ra-Khar village ⓘ Zalatni-Taung-Sho Mine	Mine owner
ⓘ Htan-yan-sho	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Mansin/Thet-kachan (Man Sin; Mansi; Mance/Thet-kachan)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pein-pyit-le-taw	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Gyi)	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ SSNPLO mines	Themelis (2008)
ⓘ U Kyaw Htwe Mine	Mine owner
Thabeikkyin Township (Tha Pate Kyin Township) ⓘ Thabeikkyin (Thabeitkyin)	Themelis (2008)
Shan State Kengtung District ⓘ Möng Hkak	The 1995 ICA World Gemstone Mining ...
Kyaukme District Momeik Township Lelgyi ⓘ Sapphire Mine	Dr. Kyaw Khaing Win
ⓘ Mohauk	Win et al. (2001)
Loilen District ⓘ Mong Hsu Township (Möng Hsu; Monghsu; Mong Hsu; Maing Hsu)	Garnier et al. (2002) +1 other reference
Tachileik District ⓘ Mong-kut	Themelis (2008)

Nepal

P3 Bagmati Pradesh Dhading District Ruby Valley ⓘ Chumar ruby digs	none
Rasuwa District Parbati Kunda ⓘ ~~Somdang Zn-Pb mine~~	Lavinsky (n.d.)

New Zealand
Otago Region Clutha District Milton ⓘ Glenore (Woolshed diggings)	Sutherland et al. (2009)
Kakanui ⓘ Slatey Creek	crownminerals.med.govt.nz (n.d.)
Southland Region Southland District Orepuki ⓘ Gemstone Beach	Local council Site Signage
West Coast Region Grey District ⓘ Greymouth	Christie et al. (1993)

Nigeria
Kaduna ⓘ Jos	Kievlenko et al. (2003)

North Macedonia
Prilep Municipality Prisad Sivec Mountain ⓘ Sivec marble quarries	dan weinrich

Pakistan
Azad Jammu and Kashmir ⓘ Neelum District	imported from Neelum Valley
ⓘ Nangimali ruby deposit	Blauwet et al. (2004)
Gilgit-Baltistan Astore District ⓘ Batwashi	Blauwet et al. (2004)
Nagar District ⓘ Ahmadabad	Kievlenko et al. (2003)
Aliabad ⓘ Aliabad marbles	Betts (n.d.)
ⓘ Ganish marbles	Blauwet et al. (2004)
ⓘ Hassanabad Nala	Betts (n.d.)
ⓘ Jatorkhan	Kievlenko et al. (2003)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Mansehra District Kaghan valley ⓘ Battakundi	Aymeric Longi bought material from this locality + article in The Quaterly Journal of GIA (Winter 2004, Volume 40, Issue 4) +1 other reference

Poland
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Karkonosze County Karpacz ⓘ Krucze Skały	Szełęg et al. (Karkonosze massif, Lower Silesia, Poland)
Legnica County ⓘ Legnickie Pole - Mikołajowice - Wądroże Wielkie zone	Lis et al. (1986)
Lwówek Śląski County Gmina Lwówek Śląski ⓘ Lwówek Śląski	Lis et al. (1986)
Gmina Mirsk Szklarska Poręba ⓘ Izera Coomb	[var: Star Sapphire] Lis et al. (1986)
Złotoryja County Gmina Złotoryja ⓘ Kopacz	Lis et al. (1986)
Złotoryja ⓘ Mieszczańska Mountain	Lis et al. (1986)

Portugal
Viana do Castelo Ponte de Lima ⓘ Serra D'Arga	Alves (n.d.)

Russia
Buryatia Zakamensky District ⓘ Barun Hobol Pravyi alkali basalt volcano	Aseeva et al. (2021)
ⓘ Naryn-Gol Creek sapphire placer deposit	Aseeva et al. (2021) +1 other reference
Chelyabinsk Oblast Ilmen Mountains ⓘ Ilmenogorsky alkaline complex	Sorokina et al. (2021)
ⓘ Ilmen Nature Reserve	Betts (n.d.) +1 other reference
Kaslinsky District ⓘ 5th versta deposit	Filina et al. (2019)
ⓘ Borzovsky deposit	Filina et al. (2019)
ⓘ Prishosseinoe deposit	Sorokina et al. (2021)
Miass ⓘ Pit No. 418	Sorokina et al. (2019)
ⓘ Miass River	Boris Z. Kantor collection
Jewish Autonomous Oblast ⓘ Sutara placers	Buravleva et al. (2016)
Kamchatka Krai Yelizovsky District ⓘ Zavoykovsky complex	Palyanova +3 other references
Khabarovsk Krai Pravo-Sooliysk gold-bearing ore-placer cluster ⓘ Bolotisty deposit	Lavrik et al. (2020)
Murmansk Oblast Kukisvumchorr Mt ⓘ Svintsovyi Ruchei (Lead Creek)	Shlyukova Z.V. (1986) +1 other reference
Primorsky Krai Krasnoarmeysky District Roshchino Kedrovaya river ⓘ Nezametnoe deposit (Nezametny gold mine)	Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.)
Sverdlovsk Oblast Rezhevsky District ⓘ Polozhikha River placer deposit	Kievlenko et al. (2003)
ⓘ Verbanny Log	Kievlenko et al. (2003)
Shilovka River ⓘ Kornilov Log	Kievlenko et al. (2003)
Sysertsky District Dvurechensk ⓘ Klyuchevskii Zavod slag locality	Ерохин Ю.В.

Rwanda
Western Province Nyamasheke District ⓘ Kagano	www.rmb.gov.rw (2021)
Rusizi District ⓘ Karengera	www.rmb.gov.rw (2021)

Slovakia
Banská Bystrica Region Rimavská Sobota District Gemerský Jablonec ⓘ Gemerský Jablonec quarry	Ozdín (2017)
Hajnáčka ⓘ Hajnáčka sapphire occurrence	Uher et al. (2012)
ⓘ Gortva	Uher et al. (2012) +1 other reference
Žiar nad Hronom District ⓘ Sklené Teplice	Koděra et al. (1986)
Zvolen District Dobrá Niva ⓘ Dobrá Niva andesite quarry	Koděra et al. (1986)
Prešov Region Vranov nad Topľou District Vechec ⓘ Vechec quarry	Ďuďa

Somalia
Somaliland Woqooyi Galbeed Gabiley District ⓘ Gebiley	Thomas R. Yager (2002)

Sri Lanka	[var: Padparadscha, var: Star Sapphire]

North Central Province ⓘ Elahera District	Krebs +7 other references
Polonnaruwa District ⓘ Pollonnaruwa	LANKA (1984) +1 other reference
Sabaragamuwa Province ⓘ Ratnapura District	Gübelin et al. (1976) +1 other reference
ⓘ Aluthnuwara
ⓘ Balangoda	Shigley et al. (2010)
ⓘ Pelmadulla	Shigley et al. (2000)
ⓘ Ratnapura	[var: Padparadscha] Shigley et al. (2000)
ⓘ Ehiliyagoda (Ehaliyagoda; Ehelliyagoda)	Lavinsky (n.d.) +1 other reference
ⓘ Gem gravels	[var: Star Sapphire] Joseph A. Freilich. +1 other reference
Uva Province Badulla District Badulla ⓘ Passara Gem Mine	Lavinsky (n.d.) +1 other reference
Monaragala District ⓘ Kataragama (Katharagama; Katirkamam)	Pardieu et al. (FEBRUARY–MARCH 2012) +1 other reference
ⓘ Okkampitiya	Shigley et al. (2000) +1 other reference
ⓘ Thammannawa corundum deposit	G.R.Dharmaratne et al (2012)
Wellawaya ⓘ Galbokka	Lavinsky (n.d.)
Western Province Colombo District ⓘ Avissawella	Shigley et al. (2000)

Switzerland
Ticino Leventina Piumogna Valley ⓘ Campolungo	Gübelin et al. (1976)

Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Murghob Rangkul ⓘ Snezhnoe deposit	Sorokina et al. (2015)

Tanzania

Dodoma Region Mpwapwa District ⓘ Winza	Schmetzer et al. (2009)
ⓘ Cash money mine	Zachary Powell collection
Manyara Region ⓘ Manghola	www.ganoksin.com (2008)
Morogoro Region Ulanga District Mahenge ⓘ Lukande (Lukanda)	Hintze (2011)
Rukwa Region Sumbawanga District ⓘ Mabwenkoswe	USGS (2003)
ⓘ Tawete	USGS (2003)
Ruvuma Region Mbinga District ⓘ Amanimakoro	The 1995 ICA World Gemstone Mining ...
Songea Urban District ⓘ Songea	USGS (2003) +1 other reference
Tunduru District ⓘ Tunduru	USGS (2003) +1 other reference
Tanga Region Korogwe Rural District ⓘ Umba River (Umba Valley)	[var: Padparadscha] Zwaan (1974) +2 other references
ⓘ Gerevi Hills	en.wikipedia.org (n.d.)

Thailand	[var: Star Sapphire]

ⓘ Chantabury-Trat Volcanic Province	Part II +6 other references
ⓘ Chanthaburi Province	Gübelin et al. (1976)
ⓘ Bang Kha Cha area (Bang Kacha; Bangka Cha)	[var: Star Sapphire] Gübelin et al. (1976) +1 other reference
Kanchanaburi Province Bo Phloi District Bo Phloi ⓘ Gem mines	Limsuwan +3 other references
Phrae Province ⓘ Den Chai	Limtrakun et al. (2001) +1 other reference
ⓘ Trat Province	Kievlenko et al. (2003)

Turkey
Muğla Province ⓘ Milâs District	Hati̇poğlu et al. (2021)

UK
England Cornwall Ludgvan Trencrom ⓘ Trencrom Hill	Wilson (1975)
St Ives Carbis Bay ⓘ Carbis Bay sands	Golley et al. (1995)
Scotland Aberdeenshire Rhynie Lumsden Clova ⓘ Clashnarae Hill	Wilson (1975)
Argyll and Bute Isle of Mull Bunessan ⓘ Roadside dyke	Day (1999)
ⓘ Loch Scridain area
ⓘ Loch Scridain (north of)
ⓘ Pennycross sapphire occurrence (Sgeir an Fhèidh to Crois an Ollaimb)
ⓘ Seabank Villa	Bowen et al. (1924)
ⓘ South coast
ⓘ Sithean Sluaigh	Smith (1965)
Highland Fort William and Ardnamurchan Ardnamurchan Kilchoan ⓘ Glebe Hill
Outer Hebrides Isle of Lewis and Harris Lewis ⓘ Loch Roag	Jackson +1 other reference

USA
Alabama ⓘ Coosa County	Ransom (1974)
ⓘ Tallapoosa County	Ransom (1974)
California ⓘ Butte County	Murdoch (1966)
Los Angeles County ⓘ Cascade Canyon	Eaton
ⓘ San Francisquito Pass	being a report of the California State ... +3 other references
Riverside County Cahuilla Mining District Little Cahuilla Mountain ⓘ Andalusite pegmatite (group I; older pegmatites)	Webb (1943)
San Jacinto Mountains Soboba Hot Springs (Ritchey Hot Springs; White Sulphur Spring) ⓘ Hazen Corundum prospect (Unnamed Corundum prospect) ?	Murdoch et al. (1942)
ⓘ Unnamed Corundum occurrences [2] ?	Murdoch et al. (1942)
San Bernardino County ⓘ Cascade Canyon	Eaton
Colorado Chaffee County Turret Mining District ⓘ Calumet Mine	Dana 6:1089 +2 other references
Moffat County Great Divide Area ⓘ Housel Gulch Placer	Eckel et al. (1997)
Timberlake ⓘ Tipton Tongue placers	Eckel et al. (1997)
Connecticut Fairfield County Newtown ⓘ Interstate 84 road cuts (Route 6A bypass)	former Ronald Januzzi collection. +1 other reference
Litchfield County Litchfield ⓘ West Farms locality ?	Januzzi et al. (1976)
Roxbury ⓘ Berry Road kyanite locality	Januzzi (1994)
Georgia Rabun County Pine Mountain ⓘ Laurel Creek Mine	- (1917)
Idaho Clearwater County Pierce City Mining District (Placer Mining District) Pierce City ⓘ Orofino Creek	Dake (1956)
ⓘ Rhodes Creek	Dake (1956)
Valley County Marble Creek Mining District ⓘ Golden Rule Placer	- (2005)
Indiana ⓘ Morgan County	Ransom (1974)
Iowa ⓘ Dickinson County	Paul J. Horick (1974)
Massachusetts Hampshire County Pelham ⓘ Pelham asbestos mine	Emerson (1895)
ⓘ Montana	Evans (1972) +1 other reference
Beaverhead County ⓘ Dillon Mining District (Carter Creek Mining District; Frying Pan Basin Mining District)	Tony Nikischer and Luis Menezes
ⓘ Deer Lodge County	Ransom (1974)
Orofino Mining District Dry Cottonwood Creek ⓘ Dry Cottonwood placer	Mining Journal
Granite County Rock Creek Mining District ⓘ Gem Mountain Sapphire Mine (American Sapphire Gem Mine; Chaussee Sapphire Mine)	Luetcke (n.d.)
ⓘ Rock Creek Sapphire (American Sapphire Gem Mine; Gem Mountain Mine; Anaconda-Sapphire Gulches; Chaussee Sapphire Corp. Mine; American Gem Corp.)	USGS Bull 269
Judith Basin County Little Belt Mountains Yogo District ⓘ Yogo Gulch	Pratt (1906) +2 other references
ⓘ Yogo Mining District	Gübelin et al. (1976)
ⓘ American Yogo Sapphire Mine (American Sapphire; Yogo Lapidary Company Mine; Sapphire Intl. Corp. Mine)	U.S. BUR. MINES IC 7602
ⓘ New Mine Saphire Syndicate Mine (New Mine Sapphire Syndicate Mine; Yogo Sapphire Mine; Yogo Mines)	MONTANA BUREAU OF MINES & GEOLOGY ...
Lewis and Clark County East Helena ⓘ Eldorado Bar	- (n.d.) +1 other reference
Helena Mining District (Spring Hill Mining District) Helena area ⓘ Missouri River gravel bar	Betts (n.d.)
ⓘ Missouri River placers	Tucker (n.d.) +2 other references
ⓘ Spokane Bar (American Gem Corp.; Spokane Bar Sapphire Mine)	Mike Royal specimen
Madison County ⓘ Norris Deposit	USGS Bull 269
Powell County ⓘ Cottonwood Creek	USGS Bull 269
ⓘ Silver Bow County	Ransom (1974)
Butte Mining District (Summit Valley Mining District) ⓘ Steward Mine	Berg (2007)
New Mexico ⓘ Santa Fe County	Northrop et al. (1996)
New York Otsego County ⓘ Toddsville	Ransom (1974)
North Carolina ⓘ Alexander County	www.mcrocks.com
Buncombe County ⓘ Black Mountain	Magma Field Trip Reports
Clay County ⓘ Chunky Gal Mountain
ⓘ Corundum Knob	GEORGIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Volume 56 ... +1 other reference
Elf School area ⓘ Behr Mine	Streeter (2003)
Cleveland County ⓘ Hawkins Branch Cassiterite occurrence (Meadow Creek occurrence)	Agortino et al. (1985)
ⓘ Franklin County
Franklinton ⓘ Old Cardinal Gem Mine	U.S Bureau of Mines (MAS/MILS)
ⓘ Haywood County	Genth (1891) +1 other reference
Canton ⓘ Pressley Sapphire Mine	Streeter (2003)
ⓘ Woods Creek Sapphire Mine (Wood Creek)	Richard James Jacquot +1 other reference
ⓘ Shovel Creek Mine	- (2005)
ⓘ Iredell County	Ransom (1974)
ⓘ Jackson County	Wilson et al. (1978)
Lincoln County ⓘ Propst Farm
Macon County Alarka ⓘ Gibson Mine (Gibsons Ruby Mine)	U.S Bureau of Mines (MAS/MILS)
ⓘ Caler Creek Ruby Mine	U.S Bureau of Mines
ⓘ Cherokee Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
Cowee Valley Ellijay Mining District Franklin ⓘ Corundum Hill Mine	USGS Bull 269
ⓘ Rose Creek Mine	www.rosecreekmine.com (2005)
ⓘ Jacobs Ruby Mine
ⓘ Dale and Demkos Mine	U.S Bureau of Mines
ⓘ Gibsons Ruby Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
ⓘ Gregory Ruby Mine	U.S Bureau of Mines
ⓘ Holbrook Ruby Mine	U.S Bureau of Mines
ⓘ Jones Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
ⓘ Masons Branch (Mason Branch; Mason Mountain Rhodolite Mine)	Wilson et al. (1978) +1 other reference
ⓘ McCook Rhodolite Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
ⓘ Mincey Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
ⓘ Rose Creek Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
ⓘ Sheffield Corundum Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
ⓘ Shuler Ruby Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
ⓘ Yukon Ruby Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
ⓘ Mitchell County	NCGS Information Circular 24 +1 other reference
ⓘ Transylvania County
ⓘ Grimshawe Mine	Richard James Jacquot
South Carolina ⓘ Anderson County	Camilla K. McCauley (1964)
ⓘ Cherokee County	Earle Sloan (1908)
Utah Sevier County Koosharem Pine Canyon ⓘ Black Hawk claims	Bullock (1981)
Washington Okanogan County ⓘ Tunk Creek	Cannon (1975) +1 other reference
Wyoming Albany County ⓘ Palmer Canyon vermiculite deposit (Rolf Deposit)	Rocks & Minerals 77:5 pp334-339
Fremont County ⓘ Sweeny Basin	Rocks & Minerals (2001)

Vietnam

Bac Kan Province Ba Bể District ⓘ Ba Be deposit	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Bình Thuận Province	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
Hàm Thuận Bắc District ⓘ Da Ban sapphire mining area	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Luong Son	"Mario Lazzerini Denchi" Collection
ⓘ Ma Lâm	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Phan Thiết	Smith et al. (1995)
ⓘ Tien Co	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Đắk Lắk Province	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
Đắk Nông Province ⓘ Dak Nong placers	Izokh +6 other references
Đồng Nai Province ⓘ Xuan Loc (Huan Loc basalt lava field)	P.I. Fedorov and A.V. Koloskov (2005)
ⓘ Gia Lai Province	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Kon Tum Province	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Lâm Đồng Province	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Di Linh District	Smith et al. (1995)
Nghệ An Province ⓘ Quỳ Châu District	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Doi San	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Doi Ty	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Mo Coi	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Quy Hop	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Yên Bái Province	Shigley et al. (2010)
ⓘ Lục Yên District	King (n.d.) +1 other reference
ⓘ An Phú	Kievlenko et al. (2003) +2 other references
ⓘ Bai Cat	Le Thi-Thu Huong et al. (2016)
ⓘ Bai Da Lang deposit	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Khoan Thong deposit	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Luc Yen Mine	Pham Van Long et al. (2004) +1 other reference
ⓘ ~~Minh Tien Mine~~	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Nuoc Ngap Mine	Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
ⓘ Truc Yau	Pham Van Long et al. (2004) +1 other reference
Yên Bình District ⓘ Tan Huong	Pham Van Long et al. (2004) +1 other reference

Zimbabwe
Manicaland Buhera District ⓘ Corundum Blue Mine	Cairncross (2004)
Mashonaland East Mudzi District ⓘ Barauta pegmatites	Cairncross (2004)
Matabeleland South Beitbridge District ⓘ Andre prospect	Cairncross (2004)
Midlands Gweru District ⓘ Somabula	Rocks & Minerals (1955) +1 other reference
ⓘ Somabula Forest alluvial deposit	- (2011)

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