Hummerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hummerite
Hummer Mine shaft and ore hopper, 21 July 2020
Hummer Mine, Paradox Valley, Montrose County, Colorado, USA
Hummer Mine, Paradox Valley, Montrose County, Colorado, USA
Formula:
K2Mg2(V10O28) · 16H2O
Colour:
Bright orange, yellow
Specific Gravity:
2.53 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1951 by Alice D. Weeks, Evelyn A. Cisney, and Alexander M. Sherwood for the type locality of Hummer Mine, Colorado.
Type Locality:
A common post-mining decavanadate mineral in sandstone-hosted uranium deposits.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1948
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1948:0
Similar Names
Classification of Hummerite
The Decavanadate Cluster
The decavanadate cluster found in hummerite. The same cluster is known in a number of other secondary vanadium minerals including, for example, pascoite, rakovanite, and schindlerite.
IMA Classification of Hummerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
K2Mg2[V5+10O28]·16H2O
First published:
1951
Type description reference:
4.HC.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
H : V[5,6] Vanadates
C : [6]-Sorovanadates
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
H : V[5,6] Vanadates
C : [6]-Sorovanadates
47.2.2.1
47 : VANADIUM OXYSALTS
2 : Anhydrous Vanadium Oxysalts Containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
47 : VANADIUM OXYSALTS
2 : Anhydrous Vanadium Oxysalts Containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
21.2.12
21 : Vanadates (and vanadates with arsenate or phosphate)
2 : Vanadates of Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba
21 : Vanadates (and vanadates with arsenate or phosphate)
2 : Vanadates of Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hum | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Hummerite
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Bright orange, yellow
Density:
2.53 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hummerite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
Dispersion:
r > v
Chemistry of Hummerite
Mindat Formula:
K2Mg2(V10O28) · 16H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Hummerite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.81 Å, b = 11.01 Å, c = 8.85 Å
α = 106.07°, β = 107.82°, γ = 65.67°
α = 106.07°, β = 107.82°, γ = 65.67°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.982 : 1 : 0.804
Unit Cell V:
899.82 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Massive, in veins and efflorescences.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005792 | Hummerite | Hughes J M, Schindler M, Rakovan J F, Cureton F E (2002) The crystal structure of hummerite, K Mg(V5O14).8H2O: Bonding between the [V10O28] structural units and the {K2Mg2(H2O)16} interstitial complex The Canadian Mineralogist 40 1429-1435 |  | 2002 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.2 Å | (10) |
| 7.4 Å | (7) |
| 2.73 Å | (6) |
| 7.0 Å | (5) |
| 3.31 Å | (4) |
| 3.13 Å | (4) |
| 2.11 Å | (4) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Hummerite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Bright orange veins in gray clay (Hummer mine). As a yellow efflorescence on sandstone (North Star mine).
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 102345.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 106899.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 106899.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Leached from vanadium oxide ores.
Other Language Names for Hummerite
Relationship of Hummerite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Pascoite Family:
| Ammoniolasalite | [(NH4)2Mg2(H2O)20] [V10O28] | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Bluestreakite | K4Mg2(V4+2V5+8O28) · 14H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Burroite | Ca2(NH4)2(V10O28) · 15H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Caseyite | [(V5+O2)Al10-x(OH)20-2x(H2O)18-2x]2[H2V4+V5+9O28][V5+10O28]2(Na,K,Ca)2-y(SO4)2-z · (60+8x+y+4z)H2O (x = 0-2.5; y = 0-2; z = 0-2) | Mon. |
| Flatimerite | [Al13(OH)24(H2O)24][V5+9V4+O28] · [(SO4)4(H2O)24] | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Gunterite | Na4Ca(V10O28) · 20H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Huemulite | Na4Mg(V10O28) · 24H2O | Tric. |
| Hughesite | Na3Al(V10O28) · 22H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Hydropascoite | Ca3(V10O28) · 24H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Kokinosite | Na2Ca2(V10O28) · 24H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Lasalite | Na2Mg2(V10O28) · 20H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Magnesiopascoite | Ca2Mg(V10O28) · 16H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Nashite | Na3Ca2[(V5+9V4+)O28] · 24H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Okieite | Mg3[V10O28] · 28H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Pascoite | Ca2Ca(V10O28) · 17H2O | Mon. 2 : B2 |
| Postite | Mg(H2O)6Al2(OH)2(H2O)8(V10O28) · 13H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pccn |
| Protocaseyite | [Al4(OH)6(H2O)12][V10O28] · 8H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Rakovanite | (NH4)3Na3(V10O28) · 12H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Schindlerite | {(NH4)4Na2(H2O)10}{V10O28} | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Trebiskyite | Na3Mg2[TiV9O28] · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Wernerbaurite | {(NH4)2[Ca2(H2O)14](H2O)2}{V10O28} | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 5 photos of Hummerite associated with Carnotite | K2(UO2)2(VO4)2 · 3H2O |
| 4 photos of Hummerite associated with Ronneburgite | K2MnV4O12 |
| 2 photos of Hummerite associated with Häggite | V3+V4+O2(OH)3 |
| 1 photo of Hummerite associated with Ammoniolasalite | [(NH4)2Mg2(H2O)20] [V10O28] |
| 1 photo of Hummerite associated with Magnesiopascoite | Ca2Mg(V10O28) · 16H2O |
| 1 photo of Hummerite associated with Pascoite | Ca2Ca(V10O28) · 17H2O |
| 1 photo of Hummerite associated with Montroseite | (V3+,Fe3+)O(OH) |
| 1 photo of Hummerite associated with Okieite | Mg3[V10O28] · 28H2O |
| 1 photo of Hummerite associated with Hughesite | Na3Al(V10O28) · 22H2O |
| 1 photo of Hummerite associated with Andersonite | Na2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3 · 5.33H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.HC. | Protocaseyite | [Al4(OH)6(H2O)12][V10O28] · 8H2O |
| 4.HC. | Ammoniolasalite | [(NH4)2Mg2(H2O)20] [V10O28] |
| 4.HC. | Beckettite | Ca2V6Al6O20 |
| 4.HC.05 | Pascoite | Ca2Ca(V10O28) · 17H2O |
| 4.HC.05 | Hydropascoite | Ca3(V10O28) · 24H2O |
| 4.HC.05 | Lasalite | Na2Mg2(V10O28) · 20H2O |
| 4.HC.05 | Hughesite | Na3Al(V10O28) · 22H2O |
| 4.HC.05 | Magnesiopascoite | Ca2Mg(V10O28) · 16H2O |
| 4.HC.05 | Rakovanite | (NH4)3Na3(V10O28) · 12H2O |
| 4.HC.15 | Sherwoodite | Ca5.5(AlV4+V5+12O39) · 28H2O |
| 4.HC.20 | Bluestreakite | K4Mg2(V4+2V5+8O28) · 14H2O |
| 4.HC.25 | Wernerbaurite | {(NH4)2[Ca2(H2O)14](H2O)2}{V10O28} |
| 4.HC.25 | Burroite | Ca2(NH4)2(V10O28) · 15H2O |
| 4.HC.30 | Caseyite | [(V5+O2)Al10-x(OH)20-2x(H2O)18-2x]2[H2V4+V5+9O28][V5+10O28]2(Na,K,Ca)2-y(SO4)2-z · (60+8x+y+4z)H2O (x = 0-2.5; y = 0-2; z = 0-2) |
| 4.HC.35 | Gunterite | Na4Ca(V10O28) · 20H2O |
| 4.HC.40 | Kokinosite | Na2Ca2(V10O28) · 24H2O |
| 4.HC.45 | Nashite | Na3Ca2[(V5+9V4+)O28] · 24H2O |
| 4.HC.50 | Okieite | Mg3[V10O28] · 28H2O |
| 4.HC.55 | Postite | Mg(H2O)6Al2(OH)2(H2O)8(V10O28) · 13H2O |
| 4.HC.60 | Schindlerite | {(NH4)4Na2(H2O)10}{V10O28} |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 5.6976% | 1,766 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in H2O
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hummerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1948.html
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References for Hummerite
Reference List:
Hurlbut, C. S. Jr. (1951) Proceedings of the thirty-first annual meeting of the Mineralogical Society of America at Washington, D. C. American Mineralogist, 36 (3-4) 304-328 pp.326-327
Hughes, J. M., Schindler, M., Rakovan, J., Cureton, F. E. (2002) The crystal structure of hummerite, KMg(V5O14)·8H2O: bonding between the [V10O28]6- structural unit and the {K2Mg2(H2O)16}6+ interstitial complex. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40 (5) 1429-1435 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.40.5.1429
Localities for Hummerite
Showing 30 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Hummer Mine, Paradox Valley, Montrose County, Colorado, USA