ื ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘ (1877โ€“1953)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Nissan Touroff

    ื ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ืฉ, ืคืœืš ืžื™ื ืกืง (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก) ื‘ื•ืณ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจืœืดื–, 15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1877 ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ-ืœื™ื‘ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘. ืœืžื“ ื‘ืณื—ื“ืจืณ ื•ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ื ืขืจื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืœืงื•ืžื™ืฅ, ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงืจื‘ื• ืœื—ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12 ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืœืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื•ืœืžื“ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ืืš ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ืฉ. ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืคื ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” ื•ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’) ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื•ื™ืฆื ืœื•ื•ืืจืฉื” ื•ืžืฉื ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ (1900) ื•ืœืžื“ ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ื•ื™ึถื™ื ึธื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื•ื–ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ื‘ื” ืขืฉื• ื•ืœืžื“ื• ืื– ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืดื— ื•ื™ืœืงื•ืžื™ืฅ. ื‘-1906 ืกื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืœื•ื–ืืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื•ืืจ ืืงื“ืžื™ ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื ื—ื ืื•ืกื™ืฉืงื™ืŸ ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1907 ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื•. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขืดืฉ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ 1912, ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืดื•ืขื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšืด ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืชืžื ื” ื’ื ื›ืขื•ืจื›ื• ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื•ืœื ื‘-1919 ื™ืฆื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื‘-1921 ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื. ื‘-1926 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืดืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื“ืชืด ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืจื™ืคื•ืจืžื™-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1932โ€“1933 ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘-1940 ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ ืื›ื–ื‘ื”. ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืคืกื— ืชืฉื™ืดื’, 30 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1953 ื ืคื˜ืจ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื™ืดื’ ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื ื˜ืžื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘-1891 ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื” (1900), ื•ืžืื– ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.

       

[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืงืจืกืœ,  ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืžืื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช; ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืดื 1941)
  • ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื : ืžืกื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืดื– 1946)
  • ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช : ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชืฉืดื– 1947)
  • ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช : ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1953)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” / ืงื ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ืŸ (ื•ืจืฉื” : ื. ื™. ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื‘-ืชืจืคืดื’, 1922โ€“1923)
  • ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” / ืงื ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1979)  <ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื ืขืจืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชื ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืชืื ืœืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ืื‘ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื ื•ื“ืจืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื“ืดืจ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื“ืดืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขืดืฉ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ื™ืคื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1912โ€“1923.   ื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ: ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืงืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื• (ืชืฉืขืดื’ 2013), ืขืžืณ 99โ€“124.
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘.. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1952), ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืขืžืณ 403โ€“412.
  • ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉืœื’, ื™ืฆื—ืง.  ื ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘ : ืืกืชื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 60, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื (ื™ืดื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืžืดื, 23 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1981), ืขืžืณ 168โ€“169; ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘ (ื›ืดื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืžืดื, 30 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1981), ืขืžืณ 184โ€“185.
  • ืคื ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืดื™ [ืคื™ื ืœืก].  ื“ืดืจ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘ : ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ืจืš 13, ื’ืœืณ  4 (ื™ืณ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืฆืดื—, 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1937), ืขืžืณ 5.
  • ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘, ืžื ื—ื.  ื ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืœื•ืช (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, 1942), ืขืžืณ 246โ€“261.
  • ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ืŸ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื–ืื‘.  ื ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื“ืคื™ื ืžืคื ืงืกื• ืฉืœ ืดืจืื‘ื™ื™ืด : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืกืคื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื (ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื•ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, 1941), ืขืžืณ 301โ€“305.
ืขืœ ืดื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”ืด ืœืงื ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ืชื ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL2278340A Wikidata โ€“ Q401855 J9U โ€“ 987007304914805171 NLI โ€“ 000299956 LC โ€“ n2002055710 VIAF โ€“ 55972029
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 2 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2022

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