ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ-ืืžืชื™ (1901โ€“1980)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Levi Ben-Amitai


    ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸโ€“ืืžืชื™ (ืœื™ืคึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐืจึถื•ื•ื“ื), ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ืื›ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก), ื‘ื›ืดื– ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืจืกืดื, 16 ื‘ืžืื™ 1901. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจ-ืฆืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืœืกืคืจื™ื. ืืžื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื™ืกื•ืฆืงื™, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืดื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸืด ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ืืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืดื—ื“ืจ ืžืชื•ืงืŸืด ื•ืืฆืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืขืžืžื™ ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ืกื‘ื™ื–ืณืฉ, ืœืฉื ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืž-1917 ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืดืฆืขื™ืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸืด ื•ื‘ืดื”ื—ืœื•ืฅืด ื‘ื ื™ืกื‘ื™ื–ืณืฉ. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1920 ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืœืื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื™ืคื•. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืกืœื™ืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื‘ืœืคื•ืจื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืฃ ืœื—ื™ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื‘ืืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 1926 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื“ื’ื ื™ื” ื‘ืณ, ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืืš ืž-1939 ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชื ืดืš, ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื•. ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1925 ืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื”ื“ื™ื, ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
    ื ืžื ื” ืขื ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ื•ืืฃ ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืดืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”ืด. ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื ืืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืขืžืง ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื” ืืœื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืงืจื ื•ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-1934 (ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ). ืžืื– ืคืจืกื ืขืฉืจื” ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื”. ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื (1979), ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•.
    ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืงืขืช ื›ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืชืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืžืชื‘ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื”, ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ืืช ื“ืจื›ื•.
    ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื•, ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืดืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืžืงืด (1937). ื‘-1973 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืืงื•ืดื.
    ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸโ€“ืืžืชื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื˜ืดื• ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืดื, 28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1980 ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื•, ื“ื’ื ื™ื” ื‘ืณ.


ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸโ€“ืืžืชื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื ื” ืงื–ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืฆืœ ืงืจืกืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”] 

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื”ืฉื‘ืœื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” : ืื’ื“ ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืฆืดื“)
  • ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื•ืœื“ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื‘ืžืขืœื”, ืชืจืฆืดื–)
  • ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” : ื˜ืดื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื“ื ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืจืฆืดื—)
  • ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืžืง : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืดื™) <ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื - ืชืจืฆื” ื˜ื ืื™>
  • ืื”ืœื™ื‘ื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ืณ ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜)
  • ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื ื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื™ืกื™ื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘)
  • ืืกืคื™ ืงื™ืฅ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื›ืดื•)
  • ื›ื ืจื•ืช : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื) <ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื - ืื”ืจืŸ ื’ืœืขื“ื™>
  • ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื–ืžืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืœืดื”)
  • ืืœื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ืจืขื™ื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืœืดื–)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1979)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ื“ื’ื ื™ื•ืช : ืžืฉื“ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช / ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืžืชื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ืณ ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืฉื™ืดื—) <ืดืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ืคืจืด>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืกืคืจื™ื:
  • ืคืœื“, ืจื•ืช.  ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ-ืืžืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1925โ€“1939 (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉื ืดื’ 1993) <ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืดืžื•ืกืžืšืด. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉื ืดื’>
ืžืืžืจื™ื:
ืขืœ ืดื”ืฉื‘ืœื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”ืด
ืขืœ ืดืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืžืงืด
  • ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืืจื™ื”. ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืžืง.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” : ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืชืฉืดื 1980), ืขืžืณ 79โ€“80.
ืขืœ ืดืื”ืœื™ื‘ื”ืด
ืขืœ ืดืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื ื”ืด
ืขืœ ืดื›ื ืจื•ืชืด
  • ืฆ. ื’.  ื›ื ืจื•ืช.  ืงืฉืช, ืฉื ื” ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ืืณ (ื ื’) (ืกืชื™ื• 1971), ืขืžืณ 182โ€“183.
ืขืœ ืดืืœื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ืจืขื™ื”ืด
  • ืขืžื™ืจ, ืื ื“ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื”, ื’ืœืณ 2 (ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืœืดื–, ื™ื•ืœื™ 1977), ืขืžืณ 149โ€“150.
ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL170201A Wikidata โ€“ Q6965629 J9U โ€“ 987007280256005171 NLI โ€“ 000498939 LC โ€“ n89120477 VIAF โ€“ 33586427
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 21 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2022

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ