ืขืžื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื ื™ (1934โ€“2025)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Amira Hagani

    ืขืžื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื ื™ (ื”ื ื™ื’) ืจื•ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืฆื‘ืจื’, ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื•ืขื•ืจื›ืช, ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื›ืดื ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจืฆืดื“, 3 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1934 ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ, ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื ื›ื” ืฉื ื•ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžื–ืจืข. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื ื™ืฉืื” ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ืืœื” ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืดื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจืด ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืดืกืžื™ื ืจ ืื•ืจื ื™ืืด ื•ืขืกืงื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ื”ืชืžืกืจื” ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™, ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื˜ืงืกื™ื, ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื‘ื” ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื’ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื›ืชื‘ึพื”ืขืช ืดื”ื“ื™ืืด, ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™, ื•ื›ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื” ื™ืฆืื• ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื•ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืืกืฃ ืดืืกื™ืฃ: ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ โ€“ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชืด (1995). ื”ืชืžื ืชื” ืœืžื ื›ืดืœื™ืช ืดืžื•ืจืฉืชืด, ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื“ 2005.
    ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืดื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ืืด (ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1963), ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ืžืื– ื”ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื›ืื”ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ื‘ืช, ื›ืจืขื™ื” ื•ื›ืื. ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื”. ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื• ื•ืžื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื—ื•ื” ืืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื” ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื›ืดืžืื–ื ื™ื™ืืด ื•ืดืขืชื•ืŸ 77ืด. ื‘ึพ2009 ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืืช ืดืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืืด, ืกืคืจ ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกืชื”. ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื’ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืจื’ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” (ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, 2010).
    ื‘ึพ2010 ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืฉ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช.
    ืขืžื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื›ืดื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืคืดื•, 16 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2025, ื•ื ืงื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ.


ืขืžื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ืืœื™ืฉืข ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืฆืœ ืงืจืกืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”.
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืกืš ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืดืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ืืด]

ืกืคืจื™ื”:

  • ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉื›ืดื’) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ื”ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื”ืžืจ (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™, ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1967) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ื™ื•ื ืฉื—ื“ืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื ืจื’ืข : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœืดื”)
  • ื”ื–ืžื™ืจ : ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช, ืชืฉืžืดื‘) <ืขืคืดื™ ื”ื ืก ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ ; ืžืœื™ื ืขืžื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื ื™ ; ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื ื™ื ื” ืขื ื‘ืจ>
  • ืขืฅ ืฉื—ืœื•ืžื• ืืฉ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื“ 1984)
  • ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื‘ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจ, ืชืฉื ืดื“ 1994)
  • ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื : ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืคืขืœื• (ื‘ื ื™ึพื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืดืข 2010)
  • ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื (ื‘ื ื™ึพื‘ืจืง : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืดืข 2010) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” โ€“ ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ> <ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืดื”ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅืด>
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
  • ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• : ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ (ื’ื‘ืขืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” : ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช, 1983)
  • ืขืชื™ื : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืžืืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ (ื’ื‘ืขืชึพื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” : ื”ื“ื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื” 1985)
  • ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” : ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ึพ80 ืœื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื”, ืชืฉื ืดื‘)
  • ืืกื™ืฃ : ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ โ€“ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™, 1995)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”: ืขืœ ืดื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ืืด
  • ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืดืืœื™ืš ื•ืžืžืš, ืžืžืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืšืด.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื˜ืดื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื’, 7 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1963, ืขืžืณ 10, 15.
  • ื–ืš, ื ืชืŸ.  ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.  ืืžื•ืช, ืฉื ื” ื‘ืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ืืณ (ื–ืณ) (ืื‘โ€“ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื›ืดื’, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜โ€“ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1963), ืขืžืณ 96โ€“97 <ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ โ€“ ืœื”ืœืŸ> <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืœื™ื : ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช 1954โ€“1973 (ื‘ื ื™ึพื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืขืดื 2011), ืขืžืณ 414โ€“416>
  • ืจื‘ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื“ืœื™ื”.  ื—ื›ืžืช ื ืฉื™ื.  ืืžื•ืช, ืฉื ื” ืืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื•ืณ (ืกื™ื•ืŸโ€“ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื›ืดื’, ื™ื•ื ื™โ€“ื™ื•ืœื™ 1963), ืขืžืณ 96โ€“99.
  • ืจื‘ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื“ืœื™ื”.  ื—ื›ืžืช ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.  ืืžื•ืช, ืฉื ื” ื‘ืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื‘ืณ (ื—ืณ) (ืชืฉืจื™โ€“ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื“, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจโ€“ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1963), ืขืžืณ 86โ€“88 <ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš โ€“ ืœืขื™ืœ>
ืขืœ ืดื™ื•ื ืฉื—ื“ืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื ืจื’ืขืด
ืขืœ ืดืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL170553A Wikidata โ€“ Q6607255 NLI โ€“ 987007311549405171 LC โ€“ n85015283 VIAF โ€“ 72811744
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2026

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

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ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ