ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ (1928ึพ2006)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Ezra Fleischer

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ, ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืจื•ื—, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928 ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื™ืžื™ืฉื•ืืจื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”. ืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืจื‘ ื™"ืœ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ, ืขืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ-ืขื–ืจื. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื ื›ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืคื•ืืžื” 'ืžืฉื ื’ื•ื’', ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืจื—ื” ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืœื•ื ืฉื, ื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื˜. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืคื ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืžืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ. ืžืื– ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื•, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื•ืขืœื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื”, ื‘ื• ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื“ ืœื™ืžื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื•, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ื•ืžืื•ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื. ื‘ืฆื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืขืžื“ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช 'ืžืงื™ืฆื™ ื ืจื“ืžื™ื'.
[ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืช, ื›"ื“ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื•, 18 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2006, ืขืž' 7]
[ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืžืฉืœื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกื™ื ื™, ืชืฉื™"ื–) <ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช: ื‘ืจ-ืื‘ื> <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื™ื•ืจื ื™>
  • ืžืฉื ื’ื•ื’ : ืคื•ืืžื” ... (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืขื•ื–, ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืขื–ืจืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืชืฉื™"ื˜) <ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื™' ื’ื•ืœื”>
  • ื‘ื”ื—ืœืง ืœื™ืœื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ ื›ืœื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉื›"ื 1960) <ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช: ืืœืžื•ื ื™>
  • ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชื•ืจ : ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉื›"ื—) <ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื” -- ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื>
  • ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ / ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื, ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™-ื ื•ืกื— ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื, ืชืฉืœ"ื’)
  • ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก / ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื, ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™-ื ื•ืกื— ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื, ืชืฉืœ"ื“)
  • ืฉื™ืจืช-ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1975) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-2007 - ืœื”ืœืŸ>
  • ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™.ืœ. ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉืž"ื“)
  • ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉืž"ื— 1988)
  • ืžืฉืœื™ ืกืขื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืฉืื“ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ืชืฉ"ืŸ)
  • ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ื’ื• : 55 ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืชืฉืก"ื 2001) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžืฉื” ื’ื™ืœ>
  • ืฉื™ืจืช-ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™-ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, 2007)
  • ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ืชืฉ"ืข 2010) <ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืืจื™>
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืชืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืข"ื‘ 2012) <ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืืจื™>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช : ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืœ"ื’ 1973)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื
  • ืžืื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ - ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืฉืœ"ื˜ 1978) <ื‘ื—ืจื• ื•ืืกืคื• ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื™, ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ>
  • ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืื’ื“ื”, ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืœื–ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™' ืคื˜ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืž"ื)
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืžืŸ, 1904ึพ1981 : ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช / ืขืจื›ื• ื“ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืก, ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ, ืขื™ื“ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื” ื“ื•ื“ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืž"ื’ 1983)
  • ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื• : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื / ื“ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉื "ื’ 1993)
  • ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช / ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืžืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉื "ื• 1995)
  • ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืจืคืช / ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืžืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉื "ื– 1997)
  • ืžืฉืืช ืžืฉื” : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืจื‘ ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉื” ื’ื™ืœ / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื™ื•ืืœ ืงืจืžืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉื "ื— 1998)
  • ืžืื” ืฉืขืจื™ื : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™ / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ... [ื•ืื—ืจื™ื] (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉืก"ื 2001)

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื ื˜ื™ืงื” : ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืฆืจืคืช, ืื ื’ืœื™ื” / ืžืืช ืžืœื›ื” ืœื•ืงืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉื›"ื‘)
  • ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืชืจื™ื : ืคื•ืื™ืžื” / ืžืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืฆืงื‘ืจ ; ืชื•ืจื’ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™' ื’ื•ืœื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื›"ื“ 1963)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช.  ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” : ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ.  ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช: ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš 43 (ืชืฉืก"ื”-ืชืฉืก"ื• 2005ึพ2006), ืขืž' 9ึพ17.
  • ืืจืœื™ืš, ืื•ืจื™.  ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”.  ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช : ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš 45 (ืชืฉืก"ื— 2008), ืขืž' 123ึพ133.
  • ื‘ืืจื™, ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.  ืžืคืขืœื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื -- ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื.  ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช : ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš 45 (ืชืฉืก"ื— 2008), ืขืž' 135ึพ146.
  • ื’ืจื ื˜, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข.  ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืจื’ื‘ื™ื ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื : ืขื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื•, 4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2006, ืขืž' 2.
  • ื’ืจื ื˜, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข.  'ื‘ืฉืœืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื—ื“ื”': ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.  ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช : ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš 45 (ืชืฉืก"ื— 2008), ืขืž' 147ึพ175.
  • ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ืขื“ืŸ. ืฉื•ืžืจ ื—ื•ืชื ื”ืงื™ืœื™ืจื™. ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืช, ื›"ื“ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื•, 18 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2006, ืขืž' 6ึพ7.
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”: ืขืœ "ืžืฉืœื™ื", ืžืืช ื‘ืจ-ืื‘ื <ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ>
ืขืœ "ืžืฉื ื’ื•ื’"
  • ืžืื–ื ื™ื.  ืขืœ "ืžืฉื ื’ื•ื’"  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื˜', ื’ืœ' ื' (ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื™"ื˜, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1959), ืขืž' 69ึพ72 <ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืืจืŸ, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจื—ืœ ื™ื ืื™ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™, ื. ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™, ืฉ. ืฉืœื•ื, ื. ื‘ืจื•ื™ื“ืก, ืž.ื“., ื™.ื’., ื—. ืฉื•ืจืจ, ื“.ืœ., ื.ื‘.ื™.>
ืขืœ "ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก"
  • ื™ื ื™ื‘, ื. ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก. ืฉื“ืžื•ืช: ื‘ืžื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช, ื’ืœ' ื "ื– (ืชืฉืœ"ื”), ืขืž' 100.
ืขืœ "ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื"
  • ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืคืœื˜ื™ืืœ.  ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 57, ื’ืœ' ื’'  (ื—' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืœ"ื—, 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1977), ืขืž' 42ึพ43.
  • Stern, David.  New directions in medieval Hebrew poetry.  Prooftexts, vol. 1, no. 1 (January 1981), pp. 104-115.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ