ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืžืจื˜ (1943ึพ2014)

Ruth Blumert

ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืžืจื˜ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (Jewish Theological Seminary of America) ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžื ื”ืœืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืข"ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืจ, ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช 'ื‘ืžื”'. ืขื•ืกืงืช ื’ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื. ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืข"ืฉ ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช. ืชื•ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.  ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืžืจื˜ ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืœ' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืข"ื”, 22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ITHL]
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืงื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ]

ืกืคืจื™ื”:

  • ื”ืžืœืืš (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืž"ื“ 1984) <ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื>
  • ื”ืฆืจื™ื— (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1984) <ืงื•ืœืื–'ื™ื - ื™ื’ืืœ ืชื•ืžืจืงื™ืŸ> <ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™>
  • ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื’ืข ื–ื”ื‘ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืž"ื– 1987) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืชืŸ>
  • ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื–ืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉื "ื 1991) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื™ื’ืืœ ืชื•ืžืจืงื™ืŸ>
  • ืžื•ื“ืข ืžื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, (ืชืฉื "ื– 1996) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื™ื’ืืœ ืชื•ืžืจืงื™ืŸ>
  • ืชืขืœื•ืžืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ, ืื•, ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื—ืฆืจืžื•ื•ืช (ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ : ื›ื ืจืช, 1996) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืื‘ื™ ื›ืฅ>
  • ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืชืคืจื•ืฅ ืฉื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงืฉื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจื”, ืชืฉืข"ื“ 2014) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>

ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื:

  • ืฆ - ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื / ืืกืชืจ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1987)
  • ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจ / ืžืืช ืค' ืž' ื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืกืงื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืชืฉื "ื— 1998)
  • ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘: ื ื”ืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื’ืœื™-ื“ื ื” ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ ; ืžืจื•ืกื™ืช - ืืžื™ืจ ืื•ืจ, ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืžืจื˜, ื–ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ', ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืœื“ืžืŸ, ืžืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื’ืจ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืžืŸ, ืคื˜ืจ ืงืจื™ืงืกื•ื ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2000)
  • ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืจื“-ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉ : ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ื / ืกืžื™ื•ืืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ืงื•ืœืจื™ื“ื’' (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืฉื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจื”, ืชืฉืก"ื 2001)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”:

  • ื“ื™ืžื•ื™. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœ (ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืžืจื˜). ื“ื™ืžื•ื™, ื’ืœ' 17 (1999), ืขืž' 50ึพ52.
ืขืœ "ื”ืžืœืืš"
  • ืื“ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘. [ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช]. ืžื‘ื•ืข, ื—ื•ื‘' ื›' (ืชืฉืž"ื•/ืชืฉืž"ื–), ืขืž' 163.
  • ืžื•ืจ-ื—ื™ื™ื-ืฉืœื™ื˜, ืขื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืž"ื”, 8 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1985, ืขืž' 19 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ืชืฉืข"ื‘ 2012), ืขืž' 91ึพ94>
  • ืคืœื“, ืกืžื“ืจ. ืžืฉื™ื— ืœื ื‘ื. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื›"ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืž"ื–, 28 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1986, ืขืž' 17.
  • ืฆื™ื ืžื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื”. ื”ืฆืฆื” ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื›"ื— ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืž"ื”, 23 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1984, ืขืž' 31.
ืขืœ "ื”ืฆืจื™ื—"
  • ื‘ืจื’ื”ืฉ, ืจื—ืœ.  "ื”ืฆืจื™ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืจื”"ื‘ ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ"... : ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืžืจื˜.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 66, ื’ืœ' 9 (ื˜"ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืž"ื–, 16 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1987), ืขืž' 21ึพ23.
  • ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืฆืจื™ื—. ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื” 2000: ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™, ื’ืœ' 44 (1984), ืขืž' 52.
ืขืœ "ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื’ืข ื–ื”ื‘"
  • ื‘ื•ืจืจ, ืจื•ืช. ื”ืงืกื ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืž"ื—, 11 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1987, ืขืž' 21.
  • ื‘ืจื’ืกื•ืŸ, ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ. [ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช]. ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ, ืฉื ื” ื™"ื“, ื’ืœ' ื‘' (1988), ืขืž' 59ึพ60.
  • ืฆื™ื ืžื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื”. ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ืช. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 6 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1987, ืขืž' 18.
ืขืœ "ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื–ืจ"
  • ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ื™ื•ื—ืื™. ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ืจื“ื” ืขืœ-ืกืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื‘, 18 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1991, ืขืž' 26.
  • ื’ื•ืจ, ื‘ืชื™ื”. ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื. ื”ืืจืฅ, 26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1991, ืขืž' ื‘ 9.
  • ื’ื ืŸ, ืžืฉื”. ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื–ืจ ืžืืช ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืžืจื˜. ืžื‘ื•ืข, ื—ื•ื‘' ื›"ื” (ืชืฉื "ื’/ืชืฉื "ื“), ืขืž' 245ึพ247.
  • ื–ืš, ื ืชืŸ. ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื—' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื "ื‘, 7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1992, ืขืž' 24.
  • ืœืฉื, ื’ื™ื•ืจื. ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืจืคื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื›"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื‘, 4 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1991, ืขืž' 20.
  • ืžืฉืžืจ, ืชืžืจ. ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื: ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ืจื“ื”. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื– ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื‘, 25 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1991, ืขืž' 26 <ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ โ€“ ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ>
  • ืงืžืจื•ืŸ, ืืกืชืจ. ืžื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™, ื’ืœ' 5ึพ6 (1993), ืขืž' 63ึพ64.
ืขืœ "ืžื•ื“ืข ืžื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ"
  • ืกืขืจื™, ืจืžื™. ืืจื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืžืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›"ื— ื‘ืื“ืจ ื' ืชืฉื "ื–, 7 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1997, ืขืž' ื“ 2.
ืขืœ "ืฆ โ€“ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื" ืœืืกืชืจ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ
  • ืื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ, ืืกืชืจ. "ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ืื“ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™". ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›"ื— ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืž"ื—, 20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1987, ืขืž' ื‘ 6.
  • ื’ื•ื˜ืงื™ื ื“, ื ืขืžื™. "ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ืจืช. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื™"ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืž"ื—, 6 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1987, ืขืž' 6.
  • ื–ื”ื‘ื™, ืืœื›ืก. ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืงืืžืคื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืž"ื—, 11 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1987, ืขืž' 3.
  • ื ืฆืจ, ืจื•ืช. ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื›ืžื™ืชื•ืก. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื’ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืž"ื—, 8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1988, ืขืž' 21.
ืขืœ "ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจ" ืœื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืžืจื˜
  • ื“ืจ, ื™ืขืœ. ืืœื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืœื ืžื ื•ื›ืจ. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœ' 294 (ื›"ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื˜, 14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1998), ืขืž' 14.
ืขืœ "ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืจื“-ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉ" ืœืกืžื™ื•ืืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ืงื•ืœืจื™ื“ื’'
  • ืืœืžื•ื’, ืจื•ืช. ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 23 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2001, ืขืž' ื‘ 14.
  • ื‘ื ื–ื™ืžืŸ, ื’ืœื™ื”. ื”ืงืœืœื” ื•ื”ื”ืงืœื”: ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2002, ืขืž' ื‘ 14.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ