ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื ื™ื
  

ืžื ื—ื ืž' ืคืืœืง (1951)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Menachem M. Falek

ืžื ื—ื ืคืืœืง ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ืฉื‘ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื™"ื ื‘ืื“ืจ ื' ืชืฉื™"ื, 17 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1951. ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘-1964. ืœืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื’ื‘, ื‘ืขืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ืจืื”. ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื, ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื”. ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืงื•"ื, ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืขืžื•ืชืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืืœื›"ื - ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ (ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืž"ืž ื™ื•"ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1993ึพ2005). ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืกื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2003 ื•-2005.
ืžื ื”ืœ, ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื• ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•. ืขืจืš, ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ืคื™ืง ืžืื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื•ื“. ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืžืคื™ืง "ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”" ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื "ื—ื•ื‘"ื" ื•"ืื’ืžื™ืœื™ื".  ืžื ื—ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื,  ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœืคืื•ืœื” ื•ืื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ื’ืจื ื•ืชยน, ื’ืจื ื•ืชยฒ]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืงึฐืžึธื˜ึดื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืž' ืคืืœืง, ืชืฉ"ืŸ 1990)
  • ืงื•ึนืžึธืชึทื™ึดื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืž' ืคืืœืง, ืชืฉื "ื’ 1993)
  • ืงึฐืกึธืžึดื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืž' ืคืืœืง, ืชืฉื "ื“ 1994)
  • ืงื•ึนืœึธื‘ึดื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืž' ืคืืœืง, ืชืฉื "ื” 1995)
  • ืกึทื›ึผึดื™ืŸ ืžึฐืจื•ึผื—ึธื” ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึทืฉื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืž' ืคืืœืง, ืชืฉื "ื– 1997)
  • ืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ื‘ึผึดืคึผึฐืจึดื™ื–ึฐืžึธื” : ื”ื’ื™ื’ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืž' ืคืืœืง, ืชืฉื "ื– 1997)
  • ืื•ึผื ึฐืงึฐื™ึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืจึถื’ึถืฉื : ืคื•ืืžื” ืฆืจื•ื‘ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืž' ืคืืœืง, ืชืฉื "ื˜ 1999) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ืขึทืœ ืฉืึฐืžึตื ึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึทื—ึฐืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ื : ื”ื‘ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื’ื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืž' ืคืืœืง, ืชืฉื "ื˜ 1999) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื ื“ื‘ ืฉ' ืคืืœืง>
  • ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืž' ืคืืœืง, ืชืฉ"ืก 2000)
  • ืžึดืฉืึฐืงึธืขึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ืงึธืคึถื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื "ืข, ืชืฉืก"ื 2001)
  • ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึธื” ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ื–ึทืขึทื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืช, ืชืฉืก"ื” 2005)
  • ืจื•ึนื›ึฐืกึธื ึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ืกึฐืชึธื• : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืช, ืชืฉืก"ื• 2006)
  • ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื’ืกื•ืก : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฆื•ืจ-ืื•ืช, ืชืฉืก"ื— 2007)
  • ืžืจืงื ื’ืœื™ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจืงื•ืœื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกืคื•ืจื™ื, ืจืฉืžื™ ืžืกืข ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ... (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฆื•ืจ-ืื•ืช, ืชืฉืก"ื— 2007)
  • ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืื• : ืžืกืข ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ... (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฆื•ืจ-ืื•ืช, 2008) <ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืื•" ื•ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจ>
  • ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื : ืขืฉืจื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืคืจื•ื–ืืง (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฆื•ืจ-ืื•ืช, 2008)
  • ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฆื•ืจ-ืื•ืช, ืชืฉืข"ื 2011)
  • ืœืคื™-ืขื˜ืœืคื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฆื•ืจ-ืื•ืช, 2012) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™> <ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืคื–ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช : (ืฉื ื—ืงื•ืง ื–ืžื ื™ืช) - ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืื‘ืจื™) ื’ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฆื•ืจ-ืื•ืช, ืชืฉืก"ื• 2006)
  • ืงืœืคื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืื‘ืจื™) ื’ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฆื•ืจ-ืื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจ-ืฉืœื, ืชืฉืก"ื• 2006)
  • ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ : ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืžืชืจื’ื ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช : ืขืจื‘ ื”ืฆื“ืขื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช 1955ึพ2009  (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื "ืข, ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›"ื˜ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืก"ื˜, 23 ื‘ืžืื™ 2009) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ื—ืงืง, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขื“ื™, ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืื‘ืจื™) ื’ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜, ืขื•ืคืจื” ื•ืจื“, ื”ืจืฆืœ ื—ืงืง, ืชืคืืจืช ื—ืงืง, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื—ืกื™ื” ืžื’ืœ, ืจื—ืœ ืกื™ื™ื“ื•ืฃ, ืฉืžื—ื” ืกื™ืื ื™, ืžื ื—ื ืž' ืคืืœืง, ืื“ืœื™ื ื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืขื” ืฉืœื• ืชื•ืจืŸ, ืื™ืœื ื” ืจื•ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ "ืจื•ื›ืกื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืชื™ื•"
  • ื“ืœื™ืก. ืจื•ื›ืกื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืชื•. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืค"ื, ื’ืœ' 2 (ืื“ืจ ื' ืชืฉืก"ื—, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2008), ืขืž' 56.
  • ื—ืงืง, ื”ืจืฆืœ.  "ืจื•ื›ืกื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืชื•" - ืœื™ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช.  ืžื”ื•ืช: ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื—ื•ื‘' ืœื (ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืชืฉืก"ื• 2006), ืขืž' 187ึพ190.
ืขืœ "ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื’ืกื•ืก"
ืขืœ "ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืœื‘"
ืขืœ "ืœืคื™-ืขื˜ืœืคื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื"
  • ื’ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜, ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืื‘ืจื™). ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืค"ื–, ื’ืœ' 4 (ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืข"ื’, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2013), ืขืž' 51ึพ52.
 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ
ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ืขื•ืจืš ืื—ืจืื™: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืœืจื•ืŸึพื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืœื’ืจ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ