Hydrocerussite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hydrocerussite
Formula:
Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2
Colour:
White or gray; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Adamantine, Pearly, Dull
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
6.8
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Name:
Named in 1877 by Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld in allusion to the composition, being a HYDRated lead carbonate, similar to cerussite.
Hydrocerussite is a secondary mineral usually found in oxidized lead ore deposits. It it less common than cerussite (anhydrous lead carbonate). Also reported as a mineralised component of the mycobiont of the Stereocaulon vesuvianum lichen found in a ruined Pb-smelting mill (vide Burford et al., 2003).
Closely related minerals are plumbonacrite and somersetite.
Visually very similar to Unnamed (Na-Pb Carbonate-Hydroxide II) (a slag phase).
Closely related minerals are plumbonacrite and somersetite.
Visually very similar to Unnamed (Na-Pb Carbonate-Hydroxide II) (a slag phase).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1969
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1969:5
IMA Classification of Hydrocerussite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+3(CO3)2(OH)2
First published:
1877
Classification of Hydrocerussite
5.BE.10
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
16a.2.2.1
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)3(XO3)2Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)3(XO3)2Zq
11.9.2
11 : Carbonates
9 : Carbonates of Pb, Zr and Th
11 : Carbonates
9 : Carbonates of Pb, Zr and Th
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hcer | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Hydrocerussite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Hydrocerussite
Adamantine, Pearly, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White or gray; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {0001}.
On {0001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
6.8 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.94 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hydrocerussite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 2.09 nε = 1.94
Birefringence:
0.15
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.150
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Hydrocerussite
Mindat Formula:
Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hydrocerussite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.239(5) Å, c = 23.65(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 4.514
Unit Cell V:
562.16 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Crystals steep pyramidal {h0h1} with {0001} very small at times. Thin scales with a hexagonal presentation and flattened {0001}; also thick tabular {0001}. Frequently as a surface alteration of lead, cerussite, etc.
Comment:
Space group R-3m, with a = 5.2465(6) and c = 23.702(3) A, is given by Martinetto et al. (2002), on the basis of a structure solution from powder data.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0020727 | Hydrocerussite | Siidra O, Nekrasova D, Depmeier W, Chukanov N, Zaitsev A, Turner R (2018) Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy Acta Crystallographica B74 182-195 |  | 2018 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0020726 | Hydrocerussite | Siidra O, Nekrasova D, Depmeier W, Chukanov N, Zaitsev A, Turner R (2018) Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy Acta Crystallographica B74 182-195 | | 2018 | Merehead quarry, Somerset, England | 0 | 293 |
| 0010324 | Hydrocerussite | Martinetto P, Anne M, Dooryhee E, Walter P, Tsoucaris G (2002) Synthetic hydrocerussite, 2PbCO3*Pb(OH)2 by X-ray powder diffraction Acta Crystallographica C58 i82-i84 | | 2002 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0009160 | Hydrocerussite | Cowley J M (1956) Electron-diffraction study of the structure of basic lead carbonate, 2PbCO3*Pb(OH)2 Acta Crystallographica 9 391-396 | | 1956 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.8 Å | (5) |
| 4.47 Å | (60) |
| 4.25 Å | (60) |
| 3.61 Å | (90) |
| 3.29 Å | (90) |
| 2.715 Å | (20) |
| 2.623 Å | (100) |
| 2.491 Å | (30) |
| 2.261 Å | (10) |
| 2.231 Å | (50) |
| 2.120 Å | (30) |
| 2.099 Å | (20) |
| 2.046 Å | (30) |
| 1.884 Å | (20) |
| 1.856 Å | (30) |
| 1.696 Å | (40) |
| 1.649 Å | (20) |
| 1.613 Å | (30) |
| 1.584 Å | (20) |
| 1.576 Å | (10) |
| 1.562 Å | (10) |
| 1.530 Å | (30) |
| 1.513 Å | (20) |
| 1.485 Å | (20) |
| 1.388 Å | (10) |
| 1.353 Å | (10) |
| 1.340 Å | (10) |
| 1.309 Å | (30) |
| 1.292 Å | (30) |
| 1.251 Å | (30) |
Comments:
ICDD 13-131
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Type Occurrence of Hydrocerussite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Metamorphosed Mn-Fe deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Hydrocerussite
Other Language Names for Hydrocerussite
Dutch:Hydrocerussiet
German:Hydrocerussit
Russian:Гидроцеруссит
Simplified Chinese:水白铅矿
Spanish:Hydrocerussita
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 75 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 59 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Native Lead | Pb |
| 41 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 37 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 29 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 23 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 |
| 22 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Diaboleite | Pb2CuCl2(OH)4 |
| 14 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Litharge | PbO |
| 12 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Allactite | Mn2+7(AsO4)2(OH)8 |
| 12 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Thorikosite | Pb3Cl2(OH)(SbO3,AsO3) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BE.X | Abellaite | NaPb2(CO3)2(OH) |
| 5.BE.05 | Shannonite | Pb2O(CO3) |
| 5.BE.15 | Plumbonacrite | Pb5O(OH)2(CO3)3 |
| 5.BE.20 | Phosgenite | Pb2CO3Cl2 |
| 5.BE.25 | Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
| 5.BE.30 | Kettnerite | CaBiCO3OF |
| 5.BE.35 | Beyerite | Ca(BiO)2(CO3)2 |
| 5.BE.40 | Grootfonteinite | Pb3O(CO3)2 |
| 5.BE.45 | Somersetite | Pb8O2(OH)2(CO3)5 |
Fluorescence of Hydrocerussite
Usually fluoresces medium to dull white, also dull-yellow. Bright white in 365nm LED.
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in acids with effervescence.
Health Risks:
Contains lead - always wash hands after handling. Do not lick.
Internet Links for Hydrocerussite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1969.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Hydrocerussite
Reference List:
Bourgeois, Léon (1888) Sur la reproduction artificielle de l'hydrocérusite, sur la composition chimique de cette espèce minérale et sur la constitution du blanc de céruse. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 11 (6) 221-225 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1888.3192
Heddle, Matthew Forster (1889) On Dudgeonite, Hydroplumbite, Plumbonacrite. and Plattnerite. Mineralogical Magazine, 8 (39) 200-203 doi:10.1180/minmag.1889.008.39.07 (as Plumbonacrite).
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.202
Kokkoros, P., Vassiliadis, K. (1953) Röntgenkristallographie von Hydrocerussit. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 3 (4). 298-304 doi:10.1007/bf01135346
Flemming, Nona J., Lopata, Vincent J., Sanipelli, Barbara L., Taylor, Peter (1984) Thermal decomposition of basic lead carbonates: A comparison of hydrocerussite and plumbonacrite. Thermochimica Acta, 81. 1-8 doi:10.1016/0040-6031(84)85104-7
Taylor, Peter, Lopata, Vincent J. (1984) Stability and solubility relationships between some solids in the system PbO–CO2–H2O. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 62 (3). 395-402 doi:10.1139/v84-070
Martinetto, Pauline, Anne, Michel, Dooryhée, Eric, Walter, Philippe, Tsoucaris, Georges (2002) Synthetic hydrocerussite, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2, by X-ray powder diffraction. Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, 58 (6). i82-i84 doi:10.1107/s0108270102006844[possibly incorrect structure/space group; comment by Uwe Kolitsch]
BURFORD, EUAN P., KIERANS, MARTIN, GADD, GEOFFREY M. (2003) Geomycology: fungi in mineral substrata. Mycologist, 17 (3). 98-107 doi:10.1017/s0269915x03003112
Siidra, Oleg, Nekrasova, Diana, Depmeier, Wulf, Chukanov, Nikita, Zaitsev, Anatoly, Turner, Rick (2018) Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 74 (2). 182-195 doi:10.1107/s2052520618000768
Localities for Hydrocerussite
Showing 261 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Prof Ken McQueen presentation to New ... |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Con Constantinides collection |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Toma (2017) |
| M. Latham Collection 2011 |
| MacLeod (1991) |
Austria | |
| Blaß et al. (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J. Taucher: Carinthia II 186./106.:132 (1996) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2003) |
| SIGMUND (1902) +1 other reference |
| Kirchner et al. (2007) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| matrixx 5 |
| Niedermayr (1997) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Schebesta (Autoren) +1 other reference | |
| Tomazic et al. (2012) |
| Schebesta (1992) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Bojar et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (2006) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) |
Belgium | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Collected by Michel Blondieau - SEM-EDS ... |
| Van Troyen et al. (2018) | |
Canada | |
| |
| |
| Sabina (1968) |
| Sabina (1983) |
| Sabina (1967) |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Chile | |
| Remy Phillippe personal communication |
China | |
| Yanjing Chen et al. (2008) |
| Zude Jin (1981) |
| Chen (2002) |
Czech Republic | |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| Fengl +3 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Jedwab et al. (1992) |
France | |
| Vernay (1997) +1 other reference |
| Anthony Geneyton |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection +1 other reference |
| Passaqui et al. (2007) |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France ... |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Gol (2014) |
| Favreau et al. (2003) |
| Leconte J. et al. (2016) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Robert PECORINI (2016) |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Robert Pecorini collection; EDX ... |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Schlomann et al. (1990) +2 other references |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) | |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1997) +3 other references |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1991) +1 other reference |
| ex-Petitjean collection |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference |
| |
| Gröbner et al. (2009) |
| Wittern et al. (1986) |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| |
| |
| |
| Schnorrer (1994) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (2000) |
| Stieglitz et al. (1989) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| International Association of Collectors of Slag Minerals (3) +1 other reference | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Graf (1991) |
| Graf (1991) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991) |
| Knoll (2004) |
| Witzke (2012) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Fritz Schreiber collection |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| |
| Collection of RJ Martin (visual ID) |
| Ko Jansen collection | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Rüsenberg (2001) | |
| Grolig et al. (1978) +1 other reference | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (PXRD-analysed) |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Lacroix et al. (1908) | |
| Fritz Schreiber collection |
| Sotiropoulou et al. (2010) |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
Indonesia | |
| MacLeod et al. (2001) |
| Hattori et al. (2004) |
Iran | |
| Anthony (2005) |
Italy | |
| Demartin et al. (2014) |
| Russo et al. (2014) |
| Russo et al. (2014) | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Ferretti P. et al. (2022) |
| Rocchetti I. (2012) |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) |
| www.comune.pisa.it (2000) | |
| Jansen et al. (1998) |
| Franzini et al. (1992) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Kato (1973) |
Morocco | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Favreau (2026) | |
Namibia | |
| Keller (1977) |
| Ettler et al. (2009) | |
Norway | |
| Kvamsdal (1988) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1993) +1 other reference |
| +1 other reference |
| Husdal (2019) |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Larsen et al. (2005) |
| Åmli et al. (1972) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Sangameshwar et al. (1983) |
Poland | |
| Coppola et al. (2009) |
| Coppola et al. (2009) |
| Coppola et al. (2009) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Russia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rakhimov et al. (2023) |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| Pekov et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Voloshin et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2007) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
Slovakia | |
| Ondrejka et al. (2020) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
Spain | |
| Abella i Creus (2018) |
| Rosell et al. (2017) |
| Van den Berg et al. (2020) |
Sweden (TL) | |
| Nordenskiöld (1877) +4 other references |
| Nysten (1984) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2024) | |
| Van der Burgt et al. (2015) |
| Graeser (2008) |
Tunisia | |
| Kutzke et al. (1997) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html) |
| Weiß et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Dave Griffiths Collection |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Norman Wilson personal collection | |
| www.ukminingventures.com (n.d.) |
| UK Mining Ventures Ltd |
| Haas (n.d.) | |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Neall et al. (2009) |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) | |
| Tarmac |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| S. Rust collection +4 other references |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Alabaster (1977) +4 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Rust (2022) |
| |
| Ex-S Rust collection | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Steve Rust collection | |
| S.Rust Collection |
| S. Rust collection | |
| Rust et al. (1988) |
| Day (1999) |
| Steve Rust collection | |
| Steve Rust |
| Green et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
| |
USA | |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Graeme (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Raman verified by Dr. Yang |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Mandarino (1996) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Mineral News (2002) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Fahey et al. (1950) +2 other references |
| Fahey et al. (1950) +3 other references | |
| David Shannon |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Shawn Carlson (2010) |
| King (n.d.) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Miller (1971) |
| Alminas +2 other references | |
Vietnam | |
Zambia | |
| Mike Leppington collection (visual identification) |
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Torr Works Quarry, Cranmore, Mendip, Somerset, England, UK