Hureaulite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hureaulite
Formula:
Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Colour:
Commonly pink to colorless, also Red, orange, orange-red, reddish brown, yellowish brown, violet-rose, amber, gray
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
3.15 - 3.20
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by François Alluaud II in 1825 for the type locality, the village of Hureaux, Haute Vienne Department, Limousin, France. A diacritical mark has been used in the name, "huréaulite", but the town does not use a diacritical mark in its name. In 1912, Waldemar Schaller named a red mineral from Pala, California, USA, "palaite", but the mineral has proved to be only a color variety of hureaulite. Baldaufite was named in 1925 by Franz Mullbauer. De Jesus (1933) named pseudopalaite.
Hureaulite Group.
Phosphate analogue of miguelromeroite.
Originally sometimes called huréaulite; spelling re-defined by Burke (2008).
Study of Gatta (2016) on the Fe-bearing material from Jocão pegmatite shows that in the structure there are/is: (1) 5 independent H sites, (2) no zeolitic water, (3) two water molecules standing for vertices of (Mn,Fe) octahedra, (4) only divalent Fe, (5) complex hydrogen bonding system. Iron occupies mostly the M2 site.
One of two currently (status: June 2024) approved Mn hydroxophosphate minerals (compare manganonewberyite).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Hureaulite.
Phosphate analogue of miguelromeroite.
Originally sometimes called huréaulite; spelling re-defined by Burke (2008).
Study of Gatta (2016) on the Fe-bearing material from Jocão pegmatite shows that in the structure there are/is: (1) 5 independent H sites, (2) no zeolitic water, (3) two water molecules standing for vertices of (Mn,Fe) octahedra, (4) only divalent Fe, (5) complex hydrogen bonding system. Iron occupies mostly the M2 site.
One of two currently (status: June 2024) approved Mn hydroxophosphate minerals (compare manganonewberyite).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Hureaulite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1952
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1952:7
IMA Classification of Hureaulite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mn2+5(PO4)2(PO3OH)2·4H2O
First published:
1825
Classification of Hureaulite
8.CB.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:1
39.2.1.1
39 : HYDRATED ACID PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2 : (AB)5[HXO4]2[XO4]2.xH2O
39 : HYDRATED ACID PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2 : (AB)5[HXO4]2[XO4]2.xH2O
19.12.22
19 : Phosphates
12 : Phosphates of Mn
19 : Phosphates
12 : Phosphates of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hur | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hur | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Hureaulite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Bright
Colour:
Commonly pink to colorless, also Red, orange, orange-red, reddish brown, yellowish brown, violet-rose, amber, gray
Streak:
Nearly white
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{100}, good.
{100}, good.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.15 - 3.20 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.23 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Measured values on Vilate material; 3.15 on Branchville material.
Optical Data of Hureaulite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.637 - 1.657 nβ = 1.645 - 1.667 nγ = 1.649 - 1.671
2V:
Measured: 75° to 82°, Calculated: 70° to 84°
Birefringence:
0.015
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.012 - 0.014
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v very strong; crossed.
Optical Extinction:
X = b, Z^c ~ 61°-75°
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Colourless
Y = Yellow to light pink
Z = Reddish yellow to reddish brown
Y = Yellow to light pink
Z = Reddish yellow to reddish brown
Comments:
Fe substitution increases RI, a few chemical analyses show Fe>Mn.
Chemistry of Hureaulite
Mindat Formula:
Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hureaulite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Setting:
C2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 17.594(10) Å, b = 9.086(5) Å, c = 9.404(5) Å
β = 96.67(8)°
β = 96.67(8)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.936 : 1 : 1.035
Unit Cell V:
1493.14 ų
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals short prismatic [001] with large sloping termination; tabular {100} at times; equant. Crystals individuals or in groups; fascicled at times. Massive, compact, scaly, or imperfectly fibrous.
Comment:
C2/c setting
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000314 | Hureaulite | Moore P B, Araki T (1973) Hureaulite, Mn5(H2O)4[PO3(OH)]2[PO4]2: Its atomic arrangement American Mineralogist 58 302-307 |  | 1973 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.75 Å | (40) |
| 8.09 Å | (70) |
| 4.55 Å | (40) |
| 3.20 Å | (30) |
| 3.15 Å | (100) |
| 2.99 Å | (70) |
| 2.63 Å | (40) |
| 2.19 Å | (30) |
Comments:
ICDD 39-146; also 16-383
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] |
Geological Setting:
Granite pegmatite late stage phosphate mineralization.
Type Occurrence of Hureaulite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Zone of altered Triphylite in granite pegmatite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Hureaulite
Other Language Names for Hureaulite
Dutch:Hureauliet
French:Huraulite
Huréaulite
Huréaulite
German:Hureaulith
Baldaufit
Huraulit
Baldaufit
Huraulit
Russian:Гюролит
Spanish:Baldaufita
Hureaulita
Hureaulita
Varieties of Hureaulite
| Bastinite | A "lithian" variety of hureaulite which has a characteristic platy morphology. From a crystal-chemical point of view, Li cannot substitute Mn or Fe except in trace amounts. |
Relationship of Hureaulite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Hureaulite Group:
| Chongite | Ca3Mg2(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Giftgrubeite | CaMn2Ca2(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Miguelromeroite | Mn2+5(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2(H2O)4 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Nyholmite | Cd3Zn2(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Sainfeldite | Ca5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Villyaellenite | (Mn,Ca)Mn2Ca2(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 180 photos of Hureaulite associated with Rockbridgeite | (Fe2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 118 photos of Hureaulite associated with Correianevesite | Fe2+Mn2+2(PO4)2 · 3H2O |
| 51 photos of Hureaulite associated with Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 50 photos of Hureaulite associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 44 photos of Hureaulite associated with Vivianite | Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 43 photos of Hureaulite associated with Leucophosphite | KFe3+2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 38 photos of Hureaulite associated with Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 30 photos of Hureaulite associated with Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 |
| 27 photos of Hureaulite associated with Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| 27 photos of Hureaulite associated with Reddingite | (Mn2+,Fe2+)3(PO4)2 · 3H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.CB. | Krupičkaite | Cu6[AsO3(OH)]6 · 8H2O |
| 8.CB.X | Honzaite | Ni2(AsO3OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.CB.X | Redondite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CB.05 | Ermeloite | Al(PO4) · H2O |
| 8.CB.05 | Serrabrancaite | MnPO4 · H2O |
| 8.CB.10 | Nyholmite | Cd3Zn2(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CB.10 | Villyaellenite | (Mn,Ca)Mn2Ca2(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CB.10 | Giftgrubeite | CaMn2Ca2(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CB.10 | Miguelromeroite | Mn2+5(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2(H2O)4 |
| 8.CB.10 | 'UM1997-09-AsO:CaHMgZn' | (Mg,Ca,Zn)5(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CB.15 | Krautite | Mn(HAsO4) · H2O |
| 8.CB.20 | Cobaltkoritnigite | Co(AsO3OH) · H2O |
| 8.CB.20 | Magnesiokoritnigite | Mg(AsO3OH) · H2O |
| 8.CB.20 | Koritnigite | Zn(AsO3OH) · H2O |
| 8.CB.25 | Yvonite | Cu(HAsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.CB.30 | Geminite | Cu2+(AsO3OH) · H2O |
| 8.CB.35 | Schubnelite | Fe3+VO4 · H2O |
| 8.CB.40 | Radovanite | Cu2Fe3+(AsO4)(HAs3+O3)2 · H2O |
| 8.CB.45 | Kazakhstanite | Fe3+5V4+3V5+12O39(OH)9 · 9H2O |
| 8.CB.50 | Kolovratite | NixZny(VO4)0.67(x+y) · nH2O |
| 8.CB.60 | Burgessite | Co2(H2O)4[AsO3(OH)]2(H2O) |
| 8.CB.65 | Cardite | Zn5.5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)(OH)3 · 3H2O |
Fluorescence of Hureaulite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hureaulite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1952.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Hureaulite
Reference List:
Fisher, D. Jerome (1946): Bastinite, a new pegmatite phosphate. American Mineralogist, 31: 192.(As bastinite)
Larsen, E.S.; Berman, H. (1934) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin of the US Geological Survey Vol. 848. US Geological Survey p.1-266. doi:10.3133/b848 p.177
Mason, Brian (1941) Minerals of the Varuträsk Pegmatite. XXIII. Some iron-manganese phosphate minerals and their alteration products, with special reference to material from Varuträsk. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 63 (2). 117-174 doi:10.1080/11035894109447128p.175
Fisher, D. Jerome (1964) Lithian hureaulite from the Black Hills. American Mineralogist, 49 (3-4) 398-406
Moore, Paul Brian, Araki, Takaharu (1973) Hureaulite, Mn2+5(H2O)4[PO3(OH)]2[PO4]2: Its atomic arrangement. American Mineralogist, 58 (3-4) 302-307
Fransolet, André-Mathieu (1976) L'huréaulite : ses propriétés minéralogiques et son rôle dans l'évolution génétique des phases Li (Fe, Mn) PO4. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 99 (5) 261-273 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1976.7080
Shigley, James E., Brown, Gordon E. (1985) Occurrence and alteration of phosphate minerals at the Stewart Pegmatite, Pala District, San Diego County, California. American Mineralogist, 70 (3-4) 395-408
Gerault, Y., Riou, A., Cudennec, Y. (1987) Phosphate hydrogénophosphate hydrate de manganèse. Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, 43 (9) 1829-1830 doi:10.1107/s0108270187090000
Frost, Ray L., Erickson, Kristy L. (2005) Near-infrared spectroscopic study of selected hydrated hydroxylated phosphates. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 61 (1) 45-50 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2004.03.010
Burke, Ernst A. J. (2008) Tidying up mineral names: an IMA-CNMNC scheme for suffixes, hyphens and diacritical marks. The Mineralogical Record, 39 (2) 131-135
Frost, Ray L., Xi, Yunfei, Scholz, Ricardo, López, Andrés, Belotti, Fernanda M. (2013) Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of the phosphate mineral hureaulite – (Mn,Fe)5(PO4)2(HPO4)2·4(H2O) Vibrational Spectroscopy, 66. 69-75 doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2013.02.003
Dyar, M. D., Jawin, E. R., Breves, E., Marchand, G., Nelms, M., Lane, M. D., Mertzman, S. A., Bish, D. L., Bishop, J. L. (2014) Mössbauer parameters of iron in phosphate minerals: Implications for interpretation of martian data. American Mineralogist, 99 (5) 914-942 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4701
Gatta, G. Diego, Redhammer, Günther J, Vignola, Pietro, Meven, Martin, McIntyre, Garry J (2016) Single-crystal neutron diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopic study of hureaulite, (Mn,Fe)5(PO4)2(HPO4)2(H2O)4. European Journal of Mineralogy, 28 (1) 93-103 doi:10.1127/ejm/2015/0027-2464
Anthony, John W., Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - Eds. (2016) Handbook of Mineralogy. https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/
Hartl, A., Park, S.-H., Hoelzel, M., Paul, N., Gilles, R. (2019) Proton conductivity in a hureaulite-type compound, Mn5[(PO4)2(PO3(OH))2](HOH)4. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 277. 290-302 doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2019.06.029
Hartl, A.; Jurányi, F.; Krack, M.; Lunkenheimer, P.; Schulz, A.; Sheptyakov, D.; Paulmann, C.; Appel, M.; Park, S.-H. (2022) Dynamically disordered hydrogen bonds in the hureaulite-type phosphatic oxyhydroxide Mn5[(PO4)2(PO3(OH))2](HOH)4. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 156 (9). 94502 doi:10.1063/5.0083856
Localities for Hureaulite
Showing 154 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Gay et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| OYARZABAL et al. (H2O) |
| OYARZABAL et al. (H2O) |
| OYARZABAL et al. (H2O) | |
| Roda-Robles et al. (2012) |
Australia | |
| |
| |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
Brazil | |
| Gaines et al. (1979) |
| [var: Bastinite] King (n.d.) |
| sergio varvello | |
| Baijot et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
| Sergio Varvello collection +1 other reference | |
| Carlos Barbosa specimen | |
| Sergio Varvello photo |
| Carlos Barbosa specimen |
| Collect on mineral trip | |
| fabreminerals specimen | |
| Atencio et al. (2004) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) +2 other references | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Carlos Barbosa specimen |
| Atencio et al. (2006) |
| Piló et al. (2023) |
| Murdoch (1955) |
| Wegner et al. (1998) | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1991) |
| Sergio Varvello collection | |
| Amores et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Dixon et al. (2014) |
Czech Republic | |
| Č +4 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Thoreau (1957) |
Finland | |
| Teertstra et al. (1993) |
| Lahti (1981) |
| Lahti (1981) | |
| Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin ... +1 other reference | |
| Joel Dyer collection |
France | |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Anthony et al. (2000) | |
| Boisson (1988) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| BERBAIN. C et al. (2016) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| web.archive.org (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Kastning et al. (1996) +2 other references | |
| Bender et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Matsubara and Kato (1996) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) |
Morocco | |
| FRANSOLET (1974) |
| Favreau (2012) |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Neves et al. (1968) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Keller (1985) | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Keller et al. (1989) |
| Keller et al. (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) | |
| Bezing et al. (2007) | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Fransolet et al. (1986) | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Norway | |
| Kristiansen (1972) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Pieczka A. et al. (2004) |
| Pieczka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Włodek et al. (2015) |
| Pieczka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Barsch O. | |
Portugal | |
| Garate et al. (2012) |
| Identified by C. Rewitzer |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Self-collected by Pedro Alves. |
| 4 +4 other references |
| Neves (1960) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Gramaccioli (1981) +3 other references |
| Pedro Alves collection (p-XRD and SEM EDS analysed samples) | |
| Rui Nunes February +1 other reference | |
| António Joaquim Monteiro |
| |
| Identified in Rebentão Mine |
| Nuno Afonso collection |
Romania | |
| Androne et al. (2005) |
Rwanda | |
| Bertossa (1968) +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Roda et al. (2001) |
| Encarnación Roda-Robles (2007) |
| Roda-Robles et al. (1998) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| NÚÑEZ-GARCÍA et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Weiß (1989) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 70 (5) |
| Leavens (1967) +1 other reference |
| Jahns (1952) +1 other reference | |
| London et al. (1982) |
| Jahns (1952) | |
| Fisher (2002) |
| Fisher (2002) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references | |
| San Diego Mining Company (2022) | |
| Brush and Dana (1890) +3 other references |
| Schooner (circa 1990) |
| Schooner (circa 1985) +2 other references |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King (2000) |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| Mineral News (1995) +2 other references |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1991) +2 other references |
| Tim Blake and Scott Soucey specimens |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) | |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Robert Whitmore collection |
| Czaja (2025) | |
| Bob Janules collection |
| Rocks & Minerals: 80: 252. +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Thompson et al. (2022) |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241 |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Peacor (1969) +1 other reference |
| [var: Bastinite] Am Min (1946) | |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Robert Rothenberg Collection | |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| [var: Bastinite] King (n.d.) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| [var: Bastinite] Karl Volkman specimen. |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Peacor et al. (1984) |
| Zach Berghorst Collection | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 57: 160 +1 other reference | |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Falster et al. (1996) |
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Silbergrube, Waidhaus, Neustadt an der Waldnaab District, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany