Chlormanganokalite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Chlormanganokalite
Formula:
K4[MnCl6]
Colour:
Champagne, lemon- to canary-yellow.
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.31
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
In allusion to the composition, containing CHLORine, MANGANese and potassium (Latin = KALium).
Isostructural with:
This page provides mineralogical data about Chlormanganokalite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1019
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1019:7
IMA Classification of Chlormanganokalite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
K4Mn2+Cl6
Classification of Chlormanganokalite
3.CJ.05
3 : HALIDES
C : Complex halides
J : With MX6 complexes; M = Fe, Mn, Cu
3 : HALIDES
C : Complex halides
J : With MX6 complexes; M = Fe, Mn, Cu
11.5.4.1
11 : HALIDE COMPLEXES
5 : AmBX6
11 : HALIDE COMPLEXES
5 : AmBX6
8.10.3
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
10 : Halides of Mn
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
10 : Halides of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Cmk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Chlormanganokalite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Champagne, lemon- to canary-yellow.
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
2.31 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.303 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Chlormanganokalite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.59 nε = 1.59
Birefringence:
low
Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Chemistry of Chlormanganokalite
Mindat Formula:
K4[MnCl6]
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Chlormanganokalite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.93 Å, c = 14.79 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.24
Unit Cell V:
1,822.97 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Crystals form rhobohedrons, arranged in parallel groups at times.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Rotation
Stop | Start
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Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019234 | Chlormanganokalite | Bellanca A (1947) La struttura della cloromanganocalite Periodico di Mineralogia 16 73-88 | 1947 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.55 Å | (100) |
| 2.69 Å | (80) |
| 5.90 Å | (50) |
| 3.55 Å | (50) |
| 2.82 Å | (28) |
| 3.45 Å | (24) |
| 2.50 Å | (24) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Type Occurrence of Chlormanganokalite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Rhombohedra
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France, 106.340, 106.341 [decomposed]; The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1907,191–193.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Lining cavities in blocks of scoria ejected from an active volcano (Vesuvius).
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Chlormanganokalite
Other Language Names for Chlormanganokalite
Relationship of Chlormanganokalite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Rinneite Group:
| Rinneite | K3Na[FeCl6] | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c |
| Saltonseaite | K3NaMnCl6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 3.CJ.05 | Rinneite | K3Na[FeCl6] |
| 3.CJ.05 | Saltonseaite | K3NaMnCl6 |
| 3.CJ.10 | Erythrosiderite | K2[Fe3+Cl5(H2O)] |
| 3.CJ.10 | Kremersite | (NH4,K)2[Fe3+Cl5(H2O)] |
| 3.CJ.15 | Mitscherlichite | K2CuCl4 · 2H2O |
| 3.CJ.20 | Douglasite | K2[Fe2+Cl4(OH2)2] |
| 3.CJ.25 | 'Redikortsevite' | (NH4)MgCl3 · 6H2O |
| 3.CJ.30 | Zirklerite | (Fe,Mg,Ca)9Al4Cl18(OH)12 · 14H2O (?) |
| 3.CJ.30 | Kalithallite | K3Tl3+Cl6 · 2H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 36.8809% | 11,433 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Fluorescence of Chlormanganokalite
None
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in water. Alters on exposure in moist air by turning dull and then deliquesces to a yellow liquid.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Chlormanganokalite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1019.html
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References for Chlormanganokalite
Reference List:
Localities for Chlormanganokalite
Showing 3 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Italy (TL) | |
| Nature (1906) +2 other references |
| Pelloux (1927) +2 other references | |
Poland | |
| Ł. Kruszewski (PXRD data) |
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Vesuvius fumaroles, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy