Labotka, T. C. & Papike, J. J. (1980) Samples of the regolith of the eucrite parent-body: Petrology of Frankfort, Pavlovka, Yurtuk, Malvern, and ALHA 77302. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XI: 1103-1130

ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite

Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Chromite

Formula: Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

References:

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

Description: Fa59-70

References:

Desnoyers, C. & D.Y. Jerome (1973) Olivine Compositions in Howardites and other achondritic meteorite (abstract): Meteoritics 8 (4): 344-345. (Dec 1973)

Simpson, A. B. (1975) Electron Microprobe Investigations of the Howardite Malvern (abstract): Meteoritics 10(4): 489-491. (Dec 1975)

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

References:

Simpson, A. B. (1975) Electron Microprobe Investigations of the Howardite Malvern (abstract): Meteoritics 10(4): 489-491. (Dec 1975)

ⓘ Iron

Formula: Fe

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

Description: Ni-poor iron (Ni<1%) is associated with impact melt & found occasionally in matrix. May be derived from (foreign) projectiles.

References:

Hewins, R. H. & Klein, L. C. (1978) Provenance of Metal and melt rock textures in the Malvern howardite. Proc. Lunar. Planetary Sci. Conf. IX: 1137-1156.

Hewins, Roger H (1979) The composition and origin of metal in howardites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43 (10) 1663-1673 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(79)90185-6

ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

Description: Kamacite (Fe-Ni Metal- 4-6% Ni - w. 1.5%Co)

References:

Hewins, R. H. & Klein, L. C. (1978) Provenance of Metal and melt rock textures in the Malvern howardite. Proc. Lunar. Planetary Sci. Conf. IX: 1137-1156.

Hewins, Roger H (1979) The composition and origin of metal in howardites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43 (10) 1663-1673 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(79)90185-6

ⓘ 'Maskelynite'

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

References:

ⓘ 'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

Description: Mg-rich Orthopyroxene

References:

Simpson, A. B. (1975) Electron Microprobe Investigations of the Howardite Malvern (abstract): Meteoritics 10(4): 489-491. (Dec 1975)

ⓘ Pigeonite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

References:

Simpson, A. B. (1975) Electron Microprobe Investigations of the Howardite Malvern (abstract): Meteoritics 10(4): 489-491. (Dec 1975)

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

Description: Variable, but decidedly anorthitic Plagioclase ranges from An75-An97

References:

Simpson, A. B. (1975) Electron Microprobe Investigations of the Howardite Malvern (abstract): Meteoritics 10(4): 489-491. (Dec 1975)

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

References:

ⓘ 'Silica'

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Taenite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

Description: Taenite sometimes present in Kamacite-taenite intergrowths

References:

Hewins, Roger H (1979) The composition and origin of metal in howardites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43 (10) 1663-1673 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(79)90185-6

ⓘ Troilite

Formula: FeS

Locality: Malvern meteorite, Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Free State, South Africa

Description: very fine-grained

References:

Hewins, R. H. & Klein, L. C. (1978) Provenance of Metal and melt rock textures in the Malvern howardite. Proc. Lunar. Planetary Sci. Conf. IX: 1137-1156.

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Iron	1.AE.05	Fe
ⓘ	var. Kamacite	1.AE.05	(Fe,Ni)
ⓘ	Taenite	1.AE.10	(Fe,Ni)
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Troilite	2.CC.10	FeS
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Chromite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Pigeonite	9.DA.10	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Anorthite	9.FA.35	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
ⓘ	var. Bytownite	9.FA.35	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Maskelynite'	-
ⓘ	'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Silica'	-
ⓘ	'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'	-

List of minerals for each chemical element

O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
O	ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
O	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Al	ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Si	ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Si	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Troilite	FeS
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Ca	ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Ca	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Cr	Chromium
Cr	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Iron	Fe
Fe	ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite	(Fe,Ni)
Fe	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Taenite	(Fe,Ni)
Fe	ⓘ Troilite	FeS
Fe	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Ni	Nickel
Ni	ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite	(Fe,Ni)
Ni	ⓘ Taenite	(Fe,Ni)

Fossils

There are 5 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences

Youngest Fossil Listed

247 Ma (Early/Lower Triassic)

Oldest Fossil Listed

272 Ma (Permian)

Stratigraphic Units

Unit	No. Occurrences	Age
Beaufort	13	247.2 - 237 Ma (Triassic)
Beaufort - Normandien	2	259.9 - 252.17 Ma (Permian)
Beaufort - Koonap	1	265.1 - 259.9 Ma (Permian)

Fossils from Region

Click here to show the list.

Accepted Name	Hierarchy	Age
Owenetta genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Owenettidae : *Owenetta*	254.17 - 247.2 Ma Phanerozoic
Trirachodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Trirachodontidae : *Trirachodon*	252.17 - 247.2 Ma Phanerozoic
Tetrapoda unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Tetrapoda	252.17 - 251.2 Ma Phanerozoic
Daptocephalus leoniceps species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Daptocephalus : *Daptocephalus leoniceps*	259.9 - 252.17 Ma Permian
Lystrosaurus murrayi species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Lystrosauridae : Lystrosaurus : *Lystrosaurus murrayi*	252.17 - 247.2 Ma Phanerozoic
Lystrosaurus maccaigi species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Lystrosauridae : Lystrosaurus : *Lystrosaurus maccaigi*	252.17 - 247.2 Ma Phanerozoic
Lystrosaurus declivis species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Lystrosauridae : Lystrosaurus : *Lystrosaurus declivis*	252.17 - 247.2 Ma Phanerozoic
Thrinaxodon liorhinus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Thrinaxodon : *Thrinaxodon liorhinus*	252.17 - 247.2 Ma Phanerozoic
Moschorhinus kitchingi species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Therocephalia : Akidnognathidae : Moschorhinus : *Moschorhinus kitchingi*	259.9 - 247.2 Ma Phanerozoic
Thabanchuia oomie species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Temnospondyli : Tupilakosauridae : Thabanchuia : *Thabanchuia oomie*	252.17 - 251.2 Ma Phanerozoic
Choerosaurus dejageri species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Lycideopsidae : Choerosaurus : *Choerosaurus dejageri*	272.3 - 259.9 Ma Permian
Lycideops longiceps species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Therocephalia : Lycideopidae : Lycideops : *Lycideops longiceps*	259.9 - 252.17 Ma Permian
Rhachiocephalus magnus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Rhachiocephalidae : Rhachiocephalus : *Rhachiocephalus magnus*	259.9 - 252.17 Ma Permian
Theriognathus microps species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Therocephalia : Whaitsiidae : Theriognathus : *Theriognathus microps*	259.9 - 252.17 Ma Permian
Compsodon helmoedi species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Compsodon : *Compsodon helmoedi*	259.9 - 252.17 Ma Permian

Fossil Localities

Click to show 5 fossil localities

South Africa

Free State
- Permian🐚 Kranskraal
- Phanerozoic🐚 Locality V4744
- Phanerozoic🐚 Môrester Farm
- Permian🐚 Tafelkop 712
- Phanerozoic🐚 UCMP V4744

Other Databases

Wikipedia:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaung_Metropolitan_Municipality
Wikidata ID:	Q1159185
GeoNames ID:	8347386

Localities in this Region

South Africa

Free State
- Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

AfricaContinent

African PlateTectonic Plate

Karoo basinBasin

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

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Detailed Mineral List:

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List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

List of minerals for each chemical element

Fossils

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