John Gunther, Inside Africa: The French admit to 11,505 known dead.
Unofficial totals go up to 80,000.
Library of Congress: 60-80,000; later estimates 11,000 [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mgtoc.html]
Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa: 11,000 to 80,000
Paul Johnson: 80,000
Maureen Covell, Historical Dictionary of Madagascar (1995): 50,000
to 100,000
Encyclopedia Americana (2003), "Madagascar": 60,000 to
90,000
Dict.Wars: 11,000
B&J: 11,000 total, incl. 350 French
Hartman: 11,000
WHPSI: 10,000 deaths from domestic violence
Eckhardt: 3,000 civ. + 2,000 mil. = 5,000
S&S: 1,800 French KIA
ANALYSIS: It's difficult to uncover a consensus on this. Three sources
put the toll in the upper tens of thousands. Four put it at 11,000 or so.
Three give both without taking sides. (Eckhardt and S&S are incomplete and
don't count) Four outvotes three, so I'd go with 11,000.
Some numbers from the ANC's statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Comm.
[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/submit/anctruth.htm]
Deaths in detention: >70 (1985-89)
Assassinations of anti-apartheid activists: ca. 100 (1974-89) + 165
(1990-92)
Political violence: >12,000 (7/90-12/93)
The strategy of destabilisation in neighbouring countries (Angola and Mozambique) lead to the deaths of 1,500,000 through military and economic action
SIPRI 1994: 18,997 k. by pol. viol.
Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full (2001): 20,000 blacks k. in
internecine political violence 1985-1994
Before 1980:
WHPSI: 1,707 deaths by political violence in South Africa,
1948-1977.
Soweto Uprising (1976-77): 600 killed (16 June 1988 Toronto Star;
18 June 1977 Washington Post) or 575 k (16 June 1980 Washington Post)
14 Jan. 1977 Washington Post: 30 prisoners died in detention,
1963-77, citing Institute of Race Relations.
Total: Some guy on Usenet, citing A Crime against Humanity:
Analysing Repression of the Apartheid State, by Max Coleman (I haven't been
able to confirm it). Deaths by political violence, 1948-94, S.Afr.: 21,000,
incl...
(6/1990-7/1993): 8580 Black on Black out of 9325 total
K by security forces: 518
Deaths caused by South Africa's support of rebels in Angola and Mozambique
Kenneth Christie, The South African Truth Commission (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000) p.158: one million died, citing Commonwealth Report of 1989
Thomas Ohlson, The new is not yet born: conflict resolution in southern Africa (Brookings Institution Press, 1994) p.297: between 1.2 and 1.9 million died
B'Tselem: The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in The Occupied
Territories [http://www.btselem.org/English/Statistics/Total_Casualties.asp]
9 Dec 1987-May 2003 (cross-ethnic killings only)
In Occupied Territories
Palestinians: 3544
Israelis: 532
In Israel
Palestinians: 106
Israelis: 610
TOTAL
Palestinians: 3650
Israelis: 1142
TOTAL: 4792
Project Ploughshares: "From December 1987 to 1992, a popular Palestinian uprising in the Israeli-occupied territories, the intifada, claimed more than 1,500, mostly Palestinian, lives.... An estimated 2,600 Palestinians and 800 Israelis died between September 2000 and September 2003." [http://www.ploughshares.ca/content/israel-palestine-1948-first-combat-deaths-0]
1st Intifada:
28 May 1992 [Glasgow] Herald: since Dec. 1987
904 Palestinians k by Israelis
88 Israelis k by Palestinians
473 Arabs k by Palestinians
TOTAL: 1,465
9 Dec 1992 Irish Times: since Dec. 1987
1,121 Palestinians k by Israelis
103 Israelis k by Palestinians
535 Arabs k by Palestinians
TOTAL: 1,759
2nd Intifada:
1 Oct. 2001 Chicago Tribune: about 650 Palestinians + 170 Israelis
since 28 Sept 2000
Skidmore: 550 executions in 1st six months of 1959
Gilbert: more than 2,000 executed.
WHPSI: 2,113 political executions 1958-67
Hugh Thomas, Cuba, or, the pursuit of freedom (1971, 1988): "perhaps"
5,000 executions by 1970.
In addition, Thomas cites (unfavorably: "... does not command
confidence")
Cuban Information Service, 1963:
2875 executed after trial
4245 executed w/o trial
2962 killed fighting Castro's regime.
Caldeville (1969)
22,000 killed or died in jail.
2,000 drowned fleeing
27 Dec. 1998 AP (published in Minneapolis Star Tribune and Buffalo
News, et al.):
cites Hugh Thomas: 5,000 might have beeen executed by 1970
"... in recent years, capital punishment has been rare."
Cuban American National Foundation (1997): 12,000 political executions (http://www.canfnet.org/english/faqfutur.htm)
11 Dec. 1998 New Statesman: 18,000 killed or disappeared since
1959 (citing Cuban American Nat'l Foundation)
Mario Lazo, Dagger in the Heart : American Policy Failures in Cuba
(1968):
15,000 put to death by 1967.
35,000 refugees drowned (based on a 75% mortality, which seems high. cf.
Vietnamese and Haitian
death rates.)
Total: 50,000
Rummel (1959-87):
Executions: 15,000
Boat people drowned: 51,000 (based on a 75% mortality. See above)
Died in prison: 7,000
TOTAL: 73,000
22 Feb. 1999 Houston Chronicle (editorial by Agustin Blazquez):
97,000 deaths caused by Castro. This number seems to have originally come from
an unpublished study by Armando Lago [http://www.nocastro.com/archives/gohome.htm],
which now apparently estimates a death toll of 116,730-119,730, the bulk of whom
(85,000) disappeared at sea. [http://www.cubanueva.com/cubahoy/politica/1211_COSTOHUMANO-REVOLUCION.htm]
Like most sources that only appear in editorials and Internet, be careful.
ANALYSIS: The dividing line between those who have an ax to grind and
those who don't falls in the 5,000-12,000 range.
26 June 2000 The Nation, review of Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions
In 1st 28 months, Revolutionary Tribunals executed 757
In 6 months after June 1981 Mojahedin uporising, the Revolutionary
Tribunals executed 2,665 political prisoners. The executions totaled 7,943 by
June 1985
Mass executions of 1988. "Former prisoners and opposition groups put
the death toll between 5,000 and 6,000. Amnesty International estimates the
total to be more than 2,500"
8,000 executed, 1979-80 (Timeframe, P.Johnson)
10,000 to 12,000 executed, 1984-88 (11 Dec. 1988, Toronto Star)
SIPRI 1988: 6,000 to 20,000 executed dissidents, 1979-87
Shortly after the war, the US Defense Intelligence Agency made a very rough
estimate of 100,000 Iraqi deaths, and this order of magnitude is widely accepted
-- even improved upon:
B&J: 50,000 to 100,000
Compton's: 150,000 Iraqi soldiers killed
World Political Almanac 3rd: 150,000 incl. civilians.
Our Times: 200,000.
Other authoritative sources working with more detailed data have come up
with lower numbers:
The British govt. put the death toll at 30,000 (War Annual 6, 1994)
A May 1992 report by the US House Armed Services Committee estimated that
9,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed by the air campaign. [http://es.rice.edu/projects/Poli378/Gulf/aspin_rpt.html]
The PBS news show
Frontline estimates 2300 civilians, 10-20,000 military in air war and,
10,000 military in the ground war; for a total of 27,300 ±5000. (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/appendix/death.html)
Because the advancing American Army found only 577 dead bodies and captured
only 800 wounded/sick prisoners (compared to 37,000 healthy prisoners), John
Heidenrich ("The Gulf War: how many Iraqis died?", Foreign Policy,
22 March 1993) plausibly estimates the number of Iraqi military killed at 1,500
(probable) to 9,500 (absolute maximum), with fewer than 1000 civilians.
29 April 1999 AP: 4,500 to 45,000
Civilian death toll is put at 2,500 by US and 35,000 by Iraqis
The US lost 147 killed in battle and 289 dead otherwise. The other
Coalition members lost 92 dead.
NOTE: Subtracting the civilian estimates from the estimated total
indicates that AP puts the military deaths in roughly the same range as
Heidenrich: 2,000 to 10,000
Dict.Wars: 85,000 Iraqi and 240 Coalition soldiers.
Wm Arkin: 3,200 Iraqi civilians (cited in 4 Dec. 2001 WSJ [http://wsjclassroomedition.com/tj_120401_casu.htm]
and 13 Jan. 2002 San Francisco Chronicle)
Martin Gilbert:
Coalition
USA: 145 k. in action and 121 k. in accidents.
UK: 24
Egypt: 10
UAE: 6
Iraqis: at least 8,000 in battle, and 5,000 civilians
25 July 1991 The Gazette (Montreal), citing a Greenpeace report by
Wm Arkin:
Iraqi
Military: 100,000-120,000
Civilian: 62,400 to 99,400 (87% of dis./mal.
after fighting stopped)
Project on Defense Alternatives, 20 Oct. 2003 [http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html]
War dead
Iraqi civilians: 3,500
Iraqi military: 20,000 - 26,000
Post-war
Anti-regime uprisings: 30,000 civilians + 5,000 military
Health-related deaths: 60,000-100,000
11 Nov. 2000 Times [London]: 47 British soldiers
Kuwaiti civilians
24 Feb. 1991 St. Petersburg Times: acc2 Pentagon, 2,000-10,000
killed by Iraqis "in recent days"
7 March 1996, Guardian [London]: 600 missing since Iraqi
occupation.
MEDIAN
Direct civilian deaths
Iraqi: 2,625
Kuwaitis: 4,750
[Total: 7,375]
Iraqi Soldiers: 25,000
TOTAL: 75,000 (The whole appears to be greater than the sum of its parts
because many estimates tally the war's dead without differentiating between
military and civilian.)
Ethnic conflicts in Masisi (Hutu Banyarwanda vs. Nyanga, Nande, Hunde):
7,000 deaths (1993) plus several hundred more, 1994-95 (Amnesty International [http://www.amnesty.org/news/1996/16200496.htm])
