ื—ื ื” ืขืžื™ืช-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ (1946)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Hannah Amit-Kochavi

    ื—ื ื” ืขืžื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™"ื— ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ื–, 12 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1946, ื•ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ืžื–ืจื—ื ื•ืช. ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช (1968, 1971). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืžื“ืข ืื ื’ืœื™ืช-ืขืจื‘ื™ืช-ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (1975). ืืช ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื™, ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื•ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื (1999). ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื‘ืจืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืขืจื‘ื™ืช-ืขื‘ืจื™ืช-ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช. ืžื™ืœืื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืื– 2003 ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ.
    ื›ืžืชืจื’ืžืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ืคืจืกืžื” ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืคืจื•ื–ื”, ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื” ืžื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืคืจืกืžื” ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื ืžืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื” ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื•ื‘ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืžืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื›ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืฆืื™ ื”ืชืคื•ื– (1991), ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื’ืœื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืกืžื™ื— ืืœืงืืกื, ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื”, ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืชื™ืจื’ืžื” ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืืช ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื“ื ื™ืืœืกื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื: ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืช'ื•ื, ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื (2003), ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ื™ื“ืข ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžื”ืœืงื˜ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืืœืฃ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื”. ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืขืจื‘: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื” (2008), ื•ื”ื›ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™, ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-2011. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืชืจื’ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืืœ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืชืจื’ื ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืืš ืžื•ืงืคื“ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช.
    ืžื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืจื’ืžื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืžื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ ืžืืช ืชืื•ืคื™ืง ืืœ-ื—ื›ื™ื (1978), ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืืช ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืืกื™ (1984), ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ืงื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื” ืžืืช ืžื•ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื• (2006), ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžืืช ื ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ื ื” ื•ื’'ืืงื•ืžื• ืจืื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื• (1986), ืฉืชื•ืจื’ื ืžืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช.
    ืœืฆื“ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช 'ืฉื“ืžื•ืช' ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืฉืœ 'ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืืกืœืื' (1986ึพ2000). ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื’ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช-ืขื‘ืจื™ืช-ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
    ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืชื ื•ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช. ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื”, ืœื ืจืง ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื ืื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช, ืืœื ืืฃ ื’ืฉืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื.
    ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืงืจืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (1983), ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื (1988), ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ืžืจื›ื– ืชืžื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืฅ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืžื˜ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ (1996) ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืžื•ืคืช ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืจืš ื' ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืขืจื‘.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘' ื›ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืกืš ืžื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘]

ืกืคืจื™ื”:
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”:
  • ื—ืœื™ืคื”, ื—ืืœื“.  ืขืจื‘ื™ืช / ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื›"ื— ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืž"ื—, 20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1987, ืขืž' 17, 18 <ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื—ื ื” ืขืžื™ืช-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™>
ืขืœ "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืืœืฃ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื”"
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 7 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2019

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ