ืžืฉื” ืื”ืจืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ืœ (1886ึพ1969)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Moshe Aharon Avigal

    ืžืฉื” ืื”ืจืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ืœ (ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ ืื• ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื™ืœ) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื™ืฆึท'ื™ื•ื‘ืงื”, ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืคืœืš ื™ื™ืงืื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœืื‘, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ื‘ื›"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืจืž"ื•, 31 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1886*. ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชื•ืจื ื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ืคื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœืžื“ ื’ื  ื“ืงื“ื•ืง, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืขื–ืจ ืœืื‘ื™ื•, ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื•ื‘-1903 ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืจื” ืขืžืžื™. ื‘-1909 ืื• 1910 ื™ืฆื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ืฉื ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื‘-1911 ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื™ื (ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ื“ื ืื™ื) ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืคื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ื. ื›ื”ื ืฉื˜ืื ื•ื“''ืจ ืฉ. ื™. ื˜ืฉืจื ืึธ, ืคืจืกื ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืขืชื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืจื”. ื’ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘-1913 ื•ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืžื•ืจื” ื‘"ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืงืŸ" ืฉื‘ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ื™ื‘. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1914 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืข"ื™ ืฉ. ื•ื™ืœืงื•ืžื™ืฅ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืคื ื”, ืืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช-ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื— ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ื™ื‘, ื•ืคืจืกื ื‘ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ "ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”". ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1916 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื‘ื“ื–'ืื ืงื•ื™ (ืงืจื™ื) ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืชื "ืš (ื ื“ืคืก ื‘-1916 ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื“ืจื›ื ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฉืคืช ืขื‘ืจ). ื‘-1916 ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ื“ื ืื™ื ืฉื’ืœื• ืœื—ืืจืงื•ื‘, ื•ืžืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1918 ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืฉืคืช-ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื™ืกื“ ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ืจื‘ื• ื›ื”ื ืฉื˜ืื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช-ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช" ื‘ืงื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ, ื•ื”ืจืฆื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื”ืฉืœื•ื— (ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“"ืจ ื™. ืงืœื•ื™ื–ื ืจ) ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ "ืจื•ื›ืœื™ื", ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”. ื ืฉื ืœืืฉื” ืืช ืฉืคืจื” ื ืจื•ื“ื™ืฆืงื™ (ื ืจื“ื™), ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื ื ืจื“ื™ ื•ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ ื ื— ื ืจื“ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”, ืžืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœืฉื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงืฆื™ื” ืกื’ืจื” ืืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื’ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืœืžื“ ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื•ื‘, ืขืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืขืกืง ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช (ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืืœื” ืื‘ื“ื•). ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืืจืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช (ืฉื”ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืขืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื›ืกืžืคืœืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ืฉืœื”) ื•ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืžืกื›ืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืžืœื ื™ืช), ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืž. ืงื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืชื™ืช. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืืœื” ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” - ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื”ื‘ืจื—ื” - ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก. ื‘-1921 ื™ืฆื ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช-ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช" ื‘ื•ืืจืฉื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ืช ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“"ืจ ื“. ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืค' ืค. ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื. ืœ. ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืจืฆื”, ืืš ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืžืื™ 1921, ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื ืขื ื” ืœื”ืคืฆืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ืฆื ืฉืžื”. ืขืกืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืž. ืืœื™ื™ืกื ืจ ื”ืงื ืื™ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ("ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื”ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื™) ื™ืกื“ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช" ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืœืฉื ืคืจื ืกื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ (ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™), ื•ื‘ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆื 2ึพ3 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืž. ืืœื™ื™ืกื ืจ. ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืค"ื“ ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืขืกืงื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ - ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืชื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขืžืœื ื™, ืžืฉื ืช 1931 ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืคืงื— ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืฉื›ื•ื ืกื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•: ื‘ืžืกื›ืช (ืชืจืฆ"ื–) ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืคื ื” (ืชืฉ"ื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ื›ืŸ ืชืจื’ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœืคืจืกื•ืŸ 30 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”. ืžืฉื” ืื”ืจืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ืœ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ืœ, 27 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1969.
* ืข"ืค ืงืจืกืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืจืž"ื•, 31 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1886; ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1886; ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ืœ ืœืงืจืกืœ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืจืž"ื•; ืœืคื™ ืชื“ื”ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื“ืจ ืชืจืž"ื• (1886) ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ืชื•, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืž"ื•)
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืงืจืกืœ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจืกืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, Yiddish Leksikon]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • โ€30 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” / ืž. ืืœืคืจืกื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ื—ื‘ืจื”", 1930) <ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืืช ื”. ื“. ื ื•ืžื‘ืจื’>
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
ืขืœ "30 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”" ืžืืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœืคืจืกื•ืŸ
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 27 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2019

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ