ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ (1847ึพ1924)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Ze'ev Wolf Jawitz

    ื–ืื‘-ื•ื•ืœืฃ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ, ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื˜"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืจ"ื—, 26 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1847 ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ืœื ื•, ืคืœืš ืœื•ืžื–'ื” ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื—ืจ ืืžื™ื“ ื•ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžืชื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1860 ืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืœื•ืžื–'ื”, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื - ืœื•ื•ืจืฉื”. ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื“ืื’ ืฉื‘ื ื• ื™ืœืžื“ ืชื "ืš ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ืจ ืœื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื•ื”ื• ืฉืคื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช: ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื™ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืจืฉื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื™ื•ืกืคื•ืก ืคืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืก. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื ืฉื ืื™ืฉื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื• ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื” ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืก. ืื—ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ืžืขืกืงื™ ืžื•"ืœื•ืช, ืืš ืœื ืจืื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืขืžืœื• ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ืืจื™ื’ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆืจืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1882 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™-ืขืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื - 'ื”ืฉื—ืจ', 'ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ', 'ื”ืžื’ื™ื“' 'ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ' ื•'ื”ื‘ื•ืงื“ ืื•ืจ' - ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1887 ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“, ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืคืชื—-ืชืงื•ื•ื” . ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ืชืžื ื” ืœืจื‘ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคื“ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ-ื™ืขืงื‘, ืืš ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื›ื•ื— ืขื ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืžืžืฉืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื.
ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืคืจืกื ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื›ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชื™ืืจ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ืืช ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืจืกืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื”: ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืžื•ืœ ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืžื•ืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ . ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืข ืžื›ืš: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืกื—ืจ, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'. ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื“ื’ืœ. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฉืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืคืขืœื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ - 'ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช ืœืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจืฅ 'ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1897 ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืืช ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืงื‘ ืงืฉื™ื™ ืคืจื ืกื” ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” . ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ 'ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™' ื•ืขื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ื ื” 'ื”ืžื–ืจื—'. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1905 ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืœื™ื˜ื ื•ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912, ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ืืฉืชื•, ืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ืืš ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1914, ื ืžืœื˜ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืœื™ื“ืก ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ . ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™"ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืค"ื“, 24 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1924.
ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืงื™ืคื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื•. ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืช, ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช. ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื ืขื ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“' ืืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื”. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืขื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื—ืชืจื ื™ืช ื•ืคืจื•ื’ืจืžื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉื™ืกืคืงื• ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืจืข ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื’ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืขืช 'ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™' ื‘ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ื ื” 'ื”ืžื–ืจื—' ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืœื”.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ื' ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” (2013): "ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืœื ื™ืฉืŸ". ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ะญะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพะฝะฝะฐั ะตะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื™ ืงื“ื : ืขื ืžืืžืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืกื’ืœืช ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืกืคื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื” (ื•ื•ืืจืฉื : ื“ืคื•ืก ื' ื‘ื•ื™ืžืจื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื ' ื’ืื ืฉืืจ,  ืชืจืž"ื– 1887)
  • ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืžื ื™ ืงื“ื : ืขื ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช "ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื”" (ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ : ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืจืค"ื– 1927) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืงื ืช>
  • ืœืงื˜ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื / ืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืชืฉ"ื’ 1943) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืืช ื"ืž ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืกืคืจื™ื
  • ื‘ืช-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ืขืชื™ื : ืจื‘ื™ ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืชืฉืก"ื• 2006)
  • ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืืกืฃ.  ืœื’ื“ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ึผึธื” : ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืข"ื• 2016)
  • ืœื•ืจื‘ืจื‘ื•ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช.  ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”ื "ืกืคื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ" ื•"ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืžื ื™ ืงื“ื" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืž"ื• 1986) <ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืกืžืš, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช>
ืžืืžืจื™ื
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืœืžืŸ.   ื”ืคื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ื™' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืฆ"ื“, 26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1934, ืขืž'  <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ / ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช "ืขื•ื ื’-ืฉื‘ืช" - ืื”ืœ ืฉื, ืชืจืฆ"ื—), ืขืž' 203ึพ209>
  • ื‘ืจืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืคื”.  ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื’ื“ื”.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืฉื, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืœ"ื–, 29 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1977, ืขืž' 18 <ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ, "ื—ืžื™ืฉื”-ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ" ื‘-1903>
  • ื‘ืจืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืคื”.  ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ - ืชื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื• - ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.  ืงืชื“ืจื”: ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื—ื•ื‘' 20 (ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืž"ื, ื™ื•ืœื™ 1981), ืขืž' 165ึพ182.*
  • ื‘ืจืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืคื”.  ืžื•ื“ืœ 'ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื”ื—ื“ืฉ' ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช).  ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—, ื—ื•ื‘' 17ึพ18 (ืชืฉืž"ื’ 1983), ืขืž' 54ึพ70.
  • ื‘ืจืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืคื”.  'ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืžื ื™ ืงื“ื' : ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ. ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ / ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื โ€“ ื™ื•ืื‘ ืืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืคืกืงืจ, ืจืœื” ืงื•ืœืฉื‘ืกืงื™ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืก"ื” 2004), ืขืž' 203ึพ244.
  • ื‘ืจืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืคื”.  ืžืืคื• ื•ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘' 43 (ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉ"ืข 2010), ืขืž' 29ึพ62 <ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื‘ืœื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ, ื›ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช" ื•ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืชื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื "ืชื•ืจืช" ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ: ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืŸ ื›ืื™ื›ืจ ื”ืชื•ืงืข ื™ืชื“ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื•, ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื–ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉืชืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื•ืชืชืขืฆื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืžืขืฉื” "ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื›ืงื“ื">
  • ื‘ืจืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืคื”.  ืžืฉื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจืช ืžื•ืœื“ืช : ื”ื–ืžืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืžืกื“ ืœื–ืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.  ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš 44 (ืชืฉืข"ื‘), ืขืž' 13ึพ59.
  • ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืืกืฃ.  ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืจืฉื” : ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ืขืœ ืคื•ื’ืจื•ื ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ 1881 ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืจืฉื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•, ื™ื ื•ืืจ-ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1882 (ื˜ื‘ืช-ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืž"ื‘).  ื’ืœืขื“: ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื, ื›ืจืš ื›"ื’ (ืชืฉืข"ื’ 2012), ืขืž' 171ึพ182.
  • ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืืกืฃ.  ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืœื ื™ืฉืŸ : ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ.  ืงืชื“ืจื”, ื’ืœ' 148 (ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืข"ื’, ื™ื•ื ื™ 2013), ืขืž' 71ึพ108.
  • ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืื™ืจ.  ืจ' ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื–"ืœ : ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืœืงื˜ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื / ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืชืฉ"ื’ 1943), ืขืž' 3ึพ5.
  • ืงืœืืจ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ.  ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื•. ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืœืงื˜ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื / ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืชืฉ"ื’ 1943), ืขืž' 5ึพ16.
  • ืฉื”-ืœื‘ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื”). ืงื˜ื™ืฃ, ื›ืจืš ื’' (ืชืฉื›"ื”), ืขืž' 127ึพ137.
  • Yedidya, Assaf. 'In Days to Come' : the nature of the Jewish state and society in the thought of Ze'ev Ya'avetz. Journal of Jewish studies, vol. 66, no. 1 (Spring 2015), pp. 157-181.
ืขืœ "ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื™ ืงื“ื"
  • ื–ื‘ื”-ืืœืจืŸ, ืฆืคื™.  ื—ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื•ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”.  ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื” : ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื - ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื“ื’ืจ, ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื›"ืฅ, ืฉืœื•ื ืจืฆื‘ื™ (ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉื“ื” ื‘ื•ืงืจ : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช - ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘ : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืกื“ืจืช ื ื•ืฉื ; ื›ืจืš ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ืชืฉืข"ื“ 2014), ืขืž' 5ึพ34.
  • ื–ื‘ื”-ืืœืจืŸ, ืฆืคื™.  'ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื™ ืงื“ื' ืœื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื•ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืืฉืžื“ืื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื : ืืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืงื ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™, ืชืฉืข"ื– 2017), ืขืž' 98ึพ130.
  • ืœื•ืจื‘ืจื‘ื•ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช.  ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”ื "ืกืคื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ" ื•"ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืžื ื™ ืงื“ื" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืž"ื• 1986) <ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืกืžืš, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช>
ืขืœ "ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ"
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 23 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ