ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ (1901ึพ1948)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Benjamin Klar

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ (ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื” ื•ืฉืœืžื”), ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื˜' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืก"ื, 29 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1901 ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืœื™ื ื™ืฆื”, ื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื”, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”). ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื ืชื—ื ืš ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืกื•ืจืชื™-ื“ืชื™. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช-ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (1916) ืขื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื•. ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœืžื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื›ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™-ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืคืจื•ืค' ืฆื‘ื™ ืคืจืฅ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข. ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื–"ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœืฉื‘ื— ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื‘ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืžื™ื“ ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื "ืžื–ืจื—ื™" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ื ืืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”, ืืฃ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืžืœื-ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื“"ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ ื ืกืคื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืจ-ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืฉื™ื™ื—'-ื’'ืจืื— ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื“' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉ"ื—, 13 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1948 ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืข"ื— ("ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ืกื”"). ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื‘ืจ-ืื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘-1933 ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื™ืจืกื ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืืจืฆื” ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื›ื•ื ืกื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื"ืž ื”ื‘ืจืžืŸ: "ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช" (ืชืฉื™"ื“). ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื• (ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืงืœื ืจ) ื’ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจืฅ, ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ืชืฉ"ื‘)
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • Chajim-Nachman Bialik : Leben fรผr ein Volk (Wien : J. Belf, 1936)

  • ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืกืงื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื•ืขื“ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉ"ื™) (ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ืœืขื, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื, ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื™')
  • ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ืขื˜ืจ : ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช / ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืชืฉื™"ื)
  • ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื : ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™"ื“) <ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ืคื•ืก - ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืจืžืŸ>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืกืคืจ ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื : ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœืฉื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžืจืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘"ืจ ืžืฉื” ืŸ' ืขื˜ืจ ... (ื•ื™ื ื : (ื“ืคื•ืก Victoria, ืชืจืฆ"ื’)<"ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืฃ ืžืืžืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืฉืœืฉืช ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื "ืœ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ">
  • ืœืงื˜ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื / ื–ืื‘ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืชืฉ"ื’ 1943)
  • ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืื—ื™ืžืขืฅ : ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ / ืœืจื‘ื™ ืื—ื™ืžืขืฅ ื‘ื™ืจื‘ื™ ืคืœื˜ื™ืืœ ืžืฉื ืช ื“' ืืœืคื™ื ืชืชื™"ื“, ื™ืกืคืจ ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ... ; ื•ื ืœื•ื” ืืœื™ื” ืœืงื˜ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ; ื•ื’ื ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ ืกื™ืœื ื• ื•ืจ' ืฉืคื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื‘ื™ ืืžืชื™ ื•ืจ' ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืคื˜ื™ื” ; ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื’ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืกืคืจื™ ืชืจืฉื™ืฉ, ืชืฉ"ื“)
  • ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ : ืขื ืžืฉืงืœื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช / ืžืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืœื™ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืงื”ืœืช", ืชืฉ"ื”)
  • ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื• ; ืžื›ื•ื ืกื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื’ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ; ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื›ืœืœื™ - ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉ"ื”)
  • ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื”ื : ืฉืขืจื™ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืœื™ื / ืœืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื” ืžืื™ื ื’ืœื˜ื™ืจื ; ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›"ื™ ืื•ื›ืกืคื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืงื™ืฆื™ ื ืจื“ืžื™ื, ืชืฉ"ื– 1947)
  • ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื“"ืœ / ืขืจื•ืš ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ; ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉ"ื—)

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื’ื™ืชื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ืช"ืฉ)
  • ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื ื” : ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื•ืžืขืฆื™ื‘ ... ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ... ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื ืื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื / ื”ืžืœื™ื ืžืืช ื—"ื” ืœื•ื™ืฆื•ืฃ ; ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ืค' ืžื“ืœื™ื ื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกื™ื ื™, 1942)
  • ืื’ืจืช ื”ื ื—ืžื” / ืจื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ; ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืชืฉ"ื”) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื‘ืŸ-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื–ืื‘.  ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ ื–"ืœ : ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื ืคื™ืœืชื•.  ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ืœืขื, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื "ื•, ื—ื•ื‘' ื“ (ืชืฉืก"ื— 2008), ืขืž' 191ึพ193 <ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืื• ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืœ"ื– (1977)>
  • ืžืืง, ื—ื ื ืืœ.  ืžื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื” ืขื“ ืจื•ืช ื•ืจึดื ื”.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›"ื— ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื—, 4 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2008, ืขืž' 2. <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ืœืขื, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื "ื•, ื—ื•ื‘' ื“ (ืชืฉืก"ื— 2008), ืขืž' 194ึพ197>
  • ืฉื‘-ื ื, ื”ืกื•ืคืจ. ืงื™ืœื•ืกื™ื ื•ืงืœืกื•ืช: ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ืžืคื ืชื™ืื•ืŸ ื–ื ื•ื—, ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉื ื™: ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื’ืœ' 7 (1991), ืขืž' 66ึพ70.
ืขืœ "ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื’ื™ืชื”"
  • ื—ื•ืคืจ ื”ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ : ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจื”. ื“ืคื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš 2 (1985), ืขืž' 155 <ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื˜ืจื™ืก, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ>
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘. ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื•ืช. ืžื•ืœื“, ื›ืจืš ื’ (ืชืฉ"ื˜), ืขืž' 337ึพ341 <ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืชื” "ืฉื™ืจ ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ื•ื“ื“" ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืžื ื“ืœืงืจืŸ, ืคืœื™ืงืก ืคืจืœืก, ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืžืื™ืจ ืžื•ื”ืจ, ื. ืคืจืกืžืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ื‘ื•ื, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื–ืŸ>
ืขืœ "ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื ื”"
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ