ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ (1871โ€“1908)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Isaiah Bershadsky (Domashevsitzky)

ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผึถืจืฉึทื“ืกืงึดื™ (ื“ื•ึนืžึทืฉึถื‘ึดื™ืฆืงึดื™), ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™,  ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื–ื™ืžื•ืฉืฆ'ื™, ืคืœืš ื’ืจื•ื“ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก, ื‘ื™' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืœ"ื‘, 25 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1871.  ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืจื•ืกื™. ืž-1887 ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืง. ื‘-1889 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘'ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ' ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘'ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”'. ื‘-1896 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืืงื•ึผ, ื•ืžืฉื ืœื™ื™ืงืื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœื‘, ื‘ื” ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืฉื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1899ึพ1902. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื 'ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื”' (1899) ื•'ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื' (1901), ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื 'ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื•ืฆืœืœื™ื' ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื (1899, 1902). ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื™"ื˜, ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื”ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืืœื” ืžืชื’ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจื•ืฉืžื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืงื ื• ืœื• ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื‘-1903 ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืš ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ื”ื–ืžืŸ', ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื ื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 1905, ื•ืคืจืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ืฉืœื•. ื›ืขื•ืจืš ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื›ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื ืงืœืขื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœื• ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื. ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื™ืกื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืคืจืกื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ืืš ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื” ื‘ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžืื”. ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ ืžืช ืขืจื™ืจื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืืจืฉื” ื‘ื™' ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืจืก"ื—, 13 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1908. ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืงื•ื‘ืฆื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœืืกื•ืคื” ื‘ืช ืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื 'ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื' (1910).
ื”ื™ืฉื’ื• ื”ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ 'ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื”', ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื‘-1899 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื›ืžืื•ืจืข ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืื– ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘-1888 ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืฉืœื ื”ืชืžืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขืฆื ื”ืขื–ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ ืœื’ื•ืœืœ ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื™"ื˜, ื”ืจื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ืื“ืืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืงืกื ืืจื•ื˜ื™ ืืคืœ, ื”ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืื ื™ื•ืช. ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื™"ื˜ (ื’ื•ื ืฆ'ืืจื•ื‘, ืœืจืžื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืกืงื™), ืฉื”ืขืœืชื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื•ื›ื™ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืกื˜ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื–ื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื–ื ืฆื•ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื’ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™, ื’ื ืื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืกื›ื™ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื ืคืชืœืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื“ืืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”'ืชืœื•ืฉื™ื' ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžืกืชืžืŸ ื’ื ืžื”ืœืš ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ ื ื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื™, ื•ื”ืžื™ืจื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช, ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆืช ืžืœื™ื ืœื•ืขื–ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื• ื›ืœื™ ืœืžื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช.
ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™, 'ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื', ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืงื•ื“ืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1890ึพ1891. ื–ื”ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ืžื—ื“ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื™ื–ืจืืœืกื•ืŸ, ืื‘-ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™-ื ืื•ืจ, ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืงื ื” ืœื”ื ื•ืžื•ืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ื ืื‘ืง ืœื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืชืคืกื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ื–ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื.  ื‘-1907 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื–ืงืŸ" (ื•ื•ืืจืฉื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช "ืคืจื—ื™ื"). ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช.
[ื›ืชื‘: ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ]
[Originally prepared for The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe]

[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืงืจื•ืยฒ, ืงืจืกืœ, ืฉืื ืŸยฒ, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, Yiddish leksikon, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ะญะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพะฝะฝะฐั ะตะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช:
  • ืจืคืืœ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ.  ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™, ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ืœืกื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, 1969) <ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื”--ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”>
ืžืืžืจื™ื:
  • ืื‘ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื” : ืจื•ืžืืŸ / ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉื›"ื— 1967), ืขืž' 7ึพ26.
  • ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ, ื ื™ืฆื”.  ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ 'ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืจืง ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืœื ื’ื ืœืžื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ'.  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื—ื•ื” ื•ืœื™ืœื™ืช (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื "ื“ 1994), ืขืž' 89ึพ99 <ืขืœื™ืœืช 'ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื”' - ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ - ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ - ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” - ืกื™ื›ื•ื>
  • ื‘ืื’ืืŸ, ื“ื•ื“.  ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืกืคืจืชื ื• : ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื - ืžื›ืชื‘ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™.  ื”ืžื’ื™ื“, ื’ืœ' 50 (ื›"ื— ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืก"ื, 20 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1900), ืขืž' 589ึพ590 <ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ "ืžืขืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื" ืฉื ื“ืคืก ื‘'ืœื•ื— ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ', ืชืจืก"ื, ืขืž' 117ึพ132>
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ.  ื™' ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™.  ื”ื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื’ืœ' 103 (ื›"ื ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืจืก"ื—, 22 ื‘ืžืื™ 1908), ืขืž' 2ึพ3 ; <ื”ืžืฉืš> ื’ืœ' 105 (ื›"ื” ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืจืก"ื—, 26 ื‘ืžืื™ 1908), ืขืž' 1, 2.
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ.  ื™' ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื / ื™. ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืชื•ืฉื™ื”, ืชืจ"ืข 1910), ืขืž' ื›"ื’-ืœ"ื”.
  • ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืื‘ื ืจ. '"ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื" ืœื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™: ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื“ืคื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘' 7 (1991), ืขืž' 111ึพ124.
  • ื˜ืฉืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ.  ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจ ืื—.  ื”ื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื™' ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืจืก"ื—, 13 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1908, ืขืž' 1.
  • ื˜ืฉืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ.  ืขืจื™ืจื™ : ืœื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™-ื“ื•ืžืืฉื™ื‘ื™ืฆืงื™.  ื”ื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื’ืœ' 43 (ื™"ื ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืจืก"ื˜, 4 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1909), ืขืž' 3.
  • ื ื•ืžื‘ืจื’, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื“ื•ื“.  ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.  ื”ื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื™' ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืจืก"ื—, 13 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1908, ืขืž' 1.
  • ืงืคืœืŸ, ืคืกื—. ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™. ื“ื•ืžืฉื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ (ื™. ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™). ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื / ื™. ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืชื•ืฉื™ื”, ืชืจ"ืข 1910), ืขืž' ื–'-ื›"ื‘.
  • ืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™.  ื™. ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ : ืœื™ื•ื ืžืœืืช ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืœืื“ืจ.  ื”ื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื’ืœ' 43 (ื™"ื ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืจืก"ื˜, 4 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1909), ืขืž' 2, 3.
  • ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ, ื–ืœืžืŸ.  ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™. ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื™"ื—, 28 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1958, ืขืž' 5, 6 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™"ื— 1958), ืขืž' 304ึพ314>
  • ืฉืงื“, ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ.  ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช 1880ึพ1980, ื›ืจืš ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1977, ืขืž' 262ึพ268.
  • Steinhardt, Deborah.  Figures of thought : Psycho-narration in the fiction of Berdichewsky, Bershadsky and Feierberg. Prooftexts, vol. 8, no. 1 (May 1988), pp. 197-217.
ืขืœ "ื˜ืคื•ืกื™ื ื•ืฆืœืœื™ื"
ืขืœ "ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื”"
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