ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืจื“ื™ (1944)

Yoav Vardi

ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืจื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื‘ื™"ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉ"ื“, 4 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1944 ืืš ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ. ื‘-1962 ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืข"ืฉ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช (ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช) ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื ื—"ืœ ืžื•ืฆื ื— ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ (1969) ื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืžืš (1976) ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื›ื—-ืื“ื ื‘ืชืข"ืฉ. ื‘-1978 ืกื™ื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช Cornell ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžืื– 1980 ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ื‘-2006  ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ื ืขืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื—ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื•ื“ื•, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืชืœ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื” (ื ืคืœืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ!) ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืก. ืžืื– 2002 ืขื•ืกืง ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช (ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงืจืœื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก, ืžืื™ื” ืื ื’'ืœื•, ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก, ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ืง), ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืžื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ.  
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืื•ืœื™ ืœืื”ื‘ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื” ื•ืฉื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืจืชืฃ 29 ืœื™ื“ ืขืงื“, ืชืฉื "ื“ 1993)
  • ื–ืžื ื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืฉื "ื˜ 1999) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืฉืก"ื 2001)
  • ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืก"ื’ 2003)
  • ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืก"ื” 2005) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืก"ื— 2007) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืข"ื‘ 2012) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>

ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงืจืœื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืก"ื” 2005) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช - ืžื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืจื“ื™> <ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขืžื•ื“>
  • ื›ืฉืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืกื•ืคืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืžืื™ื” ืื ื’'ืœื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืก"ื” 2005) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช - ืžื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืจื“ื™> <ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขืžื•ื“>
  • ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืก"ื— 2008) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช - ืžื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืจื“ื™> <ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขืžื•ื“>
  • ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื“ืžืขื•ืช : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉ"ืข 2010) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช - ืžื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืจื“ื™> <ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขืžื•ื“>
  • ืื™ืจื™ืก ื”ื‘ืจ / ืœื•ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ืง (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืข"ื‘ 2012)  <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช - ืžื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืจื“ื™> <ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขืžื•ื“>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ "ืื•ืœื™ ืœืื”ื‘"
  • ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืฉืจื”. ื—ื•ื‘ืง ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื•ืžื.  ืคืกื™ืคืก, ื’ืœ' 26 (1994), ืขืž' 39.
ืขืœ "ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื”"
  • ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ, ืžื›ื‘ื™ืช. "ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื”": ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืืช ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืจื“ื™.  ืคืกื™ืคืก, ื’ืœ' 59 (2004ึพ2005), ืขืž' 44ึพ46.
ืขืœ "ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ"
  • ืฉืชืœ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ืžืื™ืชืงื” ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 330 (ืื™ื™ืจ-ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื—, ืžืื™-ื™ื•ื ื™ 2008), ืขืž' 11.

ืขืœ "ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช" ืœื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงืจืœื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื
  • ื•ื™ื–ืœื˜ื™ืจ, ืžืื™ืจ. ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” (ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื”) ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืก"ื”, 29 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2005, ืขืž' 27.
  • ืฉืชืœ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืœื™ืจื™. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 302 (2005), ืขืž' 8.
ืขืœ "ื›ืฉืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืกื•ืคืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ" ืœืžืื™ื” ืื ื’'ืœื•
  • ืืกื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื™ืื™ืจ. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื”. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืข"ื˜, ื’ืœ' 6 (2005), ืขืž' 36ึพ37.
  • ื‘ืŸ-ื”ืจืืฉ, ืžืฉื”. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœ' 668 (ื™"ื’ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืก"ื•, 14 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005), ืขืž' 11.
  • ื™ืขืงื‘, ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 309ึพ310 (2006), ืขืž' 10.
  • ืฉืชืœ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ืžืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ืคืกื™ืคืก, ื’ืœ' 63 (2006), ืขืž' 55ึพ56.
ืขืœ "ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™" ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก ืขืœ "ืื™ืจื™ืก ื”ื‘ืจ" ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ืง
  • ื™ืฆื—ืงื™, ืžืฉื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืคืœื•ืจื” - ืจืœื™ื’ื™ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืคื•ื ื™ืช.  ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 369ึพ370 (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืข"ื“, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ-ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013), ืขืž' 23.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ