ืžื ื—ื ืคื•ื–ื ื ืกืงื™ (1887โ€“1956)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Menahem Poznansky

ืžื ื—ื ืคื•ื–ื ื ืกืงื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงืืžื™ื ื™ื™ืฅ-ืคื•ื“ื•ืœืกืง ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 11 ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืœื•ื“ื–' ืฉื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืืฆืœ ืžืœืžื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื‘"ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ืขืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”. ืืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘"ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—" ื•ื‘"ื”ืขื•ืœื", ืื—ืจื™-ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื”ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”: ื‘"ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื" ื•"ื”ืื“ืžื”" ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืจ, ื‘"ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™-ื›ืŸ ื‘"ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื", ื‘"ื“ื‘ืจ", ื‘"ืื•ืจืœื•ื’ื™ืŸ" ื•ื‘"ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื". ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™-ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื•ืกื™ืช) ื™ืึถืคื™ื ื–ื•ื–ื•ืœื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ืจื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื” ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื•ื‘, ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื“ืคื•ืก, ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื™"ื— ื‘ืจื ืจ ื•ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื•.  ื‘-1914, ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช (ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ "ืชืœ ื ื•ืจื“ื•ื™" ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘) ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืœื™ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ื“ื‘ืจ" ื‘ืฉื "ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ืช". ืคื•ื–ื ื ืกืงื™ ืขืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ืชืจื’ื•ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืชื™ืจื’ื "ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื" ืœื˜ื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื‘, "ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ" ืœื’ื•ื’ื•ืœ, "ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืจ" ืžืืช ืคื˜ืจ ืงืจืคื•ื˜ืงื™ืŸ, ืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืงืื•ืงืื–, ื‘ืฉื "ื—ืฆื™ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื™ืฆื”" ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ืชืงื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื•: ื›ืš ื›ื™ื ืก ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืฅ ื‘ืฉื "ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืžืžื”", ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืคื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ืืœ ืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ-ื—ื‘ืจ, ืœ"ื ืืจื™ืืœื™. ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช. ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืžื—ื™ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืจื•ืžืคืœื“ื•ืจ", ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื” ื™"ื— ื‘ืจื ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื•ืคื•ื–ื ื ืกืงื™ ืขื–ืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื• ื•ืื—ืจื™-ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจื ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืขืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ืคื•ื–ื ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืื’ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™"ื— ื‘ืจื ืจ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ืกื˜ ืœืคื™ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ืคื™ืขื ื— ืกืชื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™"ื— ื‘ืจื ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื–ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืคืจืก ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ืžื ื—ื ืคื•ื–ื ื ืกืงื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื˜"ื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื™"ื–, 20 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1956 ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืชื“ื”ืจ]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ืช : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ืจ, ืชืจืค"ื–)
  • ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ืช : ื›ืชื‘ื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื™"ื— 1957)
  • ืื’ืจื•ืช : ืชืจืข"ื˜-ืชืฉื˜"ื– (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉ"ืš 1960( <ื”ืžืœื‘ื”"ื“ - ืž"ื– ื•ืœืคื•ื‘ืกืงื™>

ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื:

  • ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืจ / ืค. ืงืจื•ืคื•ื˜ืงื™ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืชืจืค"ื”-ืชืจืค"ื•) <ืžื”ื“' ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘-1950 ื‘ืฉื: ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ืŸ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ "ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ืช"
ืขืœ "ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ืŸ" ืžืืช ืค. ืงืจื•ืคื•ื˜ืงื™ืŸ
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

Wikidata โ€“ Q7041162 J9U โ€“ 987007467453705171 NLI โ€“ 001409791 LC โ€“ no96067843 VIAF โ€“ 36516246 โ€ข 308258151
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 27 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021