ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ (1910โ€“2004)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Shlomo Even-Shoshan

    ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ (ืจื•ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ืกืง, ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก, ื‘ืืณ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืืณ ืชืจืดืข, 10 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1910* ืœืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ืจื•ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืขืจ, ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืžื“ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืžืงื•ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขื ืชื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื ื“ื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื” ื ื—ื•ื, ืฉื ืงืจื ืื– ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืดื”ืฉื“ื”ืด. ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื” ื ื—ื•ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937, ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื•.
    ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืคืจืกื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช, ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืดื‘ืžืขืœื”ืด. ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1931. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืขืกืง ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช, ืดืžื‘ืคื ื™ืืด ื•ืดืฆืจื•ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ืืด, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืจืš ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื’ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืจืš ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื—ืจื‘ื•. ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืžืชืจื’ื ืžืขื•ืœื” ื•ืคื•ืจื” ืžืื“. ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืœืš ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ ื’ืคื•ื ื•ื‘, ื“ื•ื“ ืžืจืงื™ืฉ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื. ืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืžื•ืืจื™ืช ืžืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืขืจืš ืกืคืจื™ ืดืชื ื•ืขื”ืด, ืกืคืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ. ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืคืจืกื ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื•, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ, ืžื—ื ืš ื•ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื™ (1999). ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื• ืฉื“ื”-ื ื—ื•ื ื‘ื›ืดื— ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืกืดื“, 14 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2004.
* ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจืกืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืดื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืดืข, 28 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1910.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื™ืฉืข ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ
ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืงืจืกืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขืœื•ืช : ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืฉื“ื” ื ื—ื•ื, ืชืฉืดื‘) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ืœืžืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืขื ืฉื ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื” ื ื—ื•ื ื‘ืชืฉืœืดื– 1977>
  • ื‘ืื‘ื™-ื™ืืจ, ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงืจื™ืช-ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘) <ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื™ื‘ื˜ื•ืฉื ืงื•. ื›ื•ืœืœ ืดื‘ืื‘ื™-ื™ืืจืด, ืฉื™ืจ ืžืืช ื™ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื™ื‘ื˜ื•ืฉื ืงื•, ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขืžื•ื“>
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืข : ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื›ืดื“)
  • ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื“) <ื ื“ืคืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืขืดืฉ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ืžืจื“ ื‘ืชืฉืžืดื“>
  • ืขืœ ื”ึธืึธื‘ื ึทื™ื : ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื˜)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ื‘ืฆืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” (ืฉื“ื” ื ื—ื•ื : ืฉื—ืจ, ืชืฉื ืดื– 1997) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ืœืžืช. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื” ื ื—ื•ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ืžื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจืฆืดื–, 5 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1937 ... ื•ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืดื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ืืด ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืฆืดื–, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1937>
  • ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ - ืžื—ื ืš ื•ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื™ : ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” (ืฉื“ื” ื ื—ื•ื : ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื˜)

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ื‘ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื“ื–ืณืืŸ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ : ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช, ืื™ืฉื™ื / ืืกืชืจ ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ-ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืจืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื ืดื) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ>
  • ื—ืคื™ืจ : ืคื•ืืžื” / ืื ื“ืจื™ ื•ื•ื–ื ืกื ืกืงื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื ืดื’ 1993)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ ืดื‘ืื‘ื™-ื™ืืจ, ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืจืด
ืขืœ ืดื—ืคื™ืจืด ืœืื ื“ืจื™ ื•ื•ื–ื ืกื ืกืงื™
  • ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ, ืฉืœืžื”.  ืคื ื™ื” ื”ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ืืช-ื—ื™ื ื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื—, ื’ืœืณ 11 (ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื ืดื“, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1994), ืขืžืณ 56โ€“57 <ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื ื™ - ืœื”ืœืŸ ื•ืฉื ื’ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื”>
  • ื”ื’ื ื™, ืขืžื™ืจื”.  ื—ืคื™ืจ ื”ื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื—, ื’ืœืณ 7โ€“8 (ืื™ื™ืจ-ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื“, ืืคืจื™ืœ-ืžืื™ 1994), ืขืžืณ 81โ€“82 <ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ-ืฉื•ืฉืŸ - ืœืขื™ืœ>
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 30 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2019

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