ื“ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™ (1913โ€“1976)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Dov Chomsky

    ื“ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ืกืง ื‘ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืจืขืดื“, 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1913. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืจื˜ื•ื–ึพื‘ืจื–ื” ืฉื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชึพืกืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืดืชืจื‘ื•ืชืด. ื‘ึพ1933 ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ึพื”ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ (ืณื–ืจืžื™ืืณ, 1931; ืณื‘ืกืšืณ, 1932), ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืณื‘ืžืขืจื‘ืœืณ, 1933). ื‘ึพ1936 ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืคืจืกื ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ (ืณืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืื•ืชืณ, 1937), ื•ืขื“ 1951 ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื” (ืณื•ื™ืœืื•ืชืณ, 1940; ืณื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืื—ืจืณ, 1941; ืณืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ืืณ, 1942; ืณืื™ึพืฉืืณ, 1944; ืณืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืณ, 1947; ืณืขืœื™ ื“ืจืšืณ, 1951). ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸึพืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื–ื™ื ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื—ื–ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจืื”, ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื™ืฆื ืžึพ1948 ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืกื™ืงื• ื•ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”. ื‘ึพ1958 ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขื“ 1974. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื•: ืณืื–ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื‘ืŸืณ (1966; ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื); ืณื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื”ืณ, 1969; ืณืื‘ืง ื—ื•ืฆื•ืชืณ, 1972; ืณืขื“ ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืจื—ืณ, 1974. ื“ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ึพ1976. ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื›ื ืช ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืžืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช (ืณืฆืขื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจืณ, 1977).
    ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™ ืžืกืชืžื ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช. ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื ื™ืื•ึพืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงืื™ึพืืœืชืจืžื ื™, ื•ื™ืฆืง ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื‘ืชื™ึพืฉื™ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืฉืงื•ืœื™ื, ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ืงื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ืกื— ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ื•ื–ืš. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื•ื–ืจื ื‘ืจื™ืชืžื•ืก ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืชื•ืก ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ืคื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืœื™ืจื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื”ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืืœ ืชื•ื›ื• ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืจื’ืขื™ึพื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืงืจืฉ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื• ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื—ืžืฆื” ื•ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจึพืžื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืขืœื” ื™ืคื”, ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืืœื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื›ืš ื‘ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ื›ื—ืช.
    ื“ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™"ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืœ"ื•, 20 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1976.


ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืฆืœ ืงืจืกืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”] 

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ืœ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื•ื™ืœื ื” : ืžืขื™ื ื•ืช, ืชืจืฆืดื’)
  • ืฆื”ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืื•ืช : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืฆืดื–)
  • ื•ื™ืœืื•ืช : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืจืณ ืžืก, ืชืดืฉ)
  • ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืื—ืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืจืณ ืžืก, ืชืฉืดื) <ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ืืจื™ื” ืืœื•ื™ื™ืœ>
  • ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืจืณ ืžืก, ืชืฉืดื’ 1942)
  • ืื™ ืฉื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, ืชืฉืดื”)
  • ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ : 1942โ€“1944 (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, ืชืฉืดื–)
  • ืขืœื™ ื“ืจืš : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืจืณ ืžืก, ืชืฉื™ืดื)
  • ืื–ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืจืžืชึพื’ืŸ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1966)
  • ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉื›ืดื˜)
  • ืื‘ืง ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืจืžืชึพื’ืŸ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1972)
  • ืขื“ ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืจื— : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื” 1974)
  • ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื– 1977) <ืขื ืื—ืจื™ืชึพื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืช ืฉืœื•ื ืงืจืžืจ:  ืฉื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™ โ€“ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื>
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ื’ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื : ื“ืคื™ื ืžื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ / ืžื™ื ื” ื˜ื™ืžืงื‘ื™ืฅ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ืณ ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืฉืดื–)
  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื / ืืณ ืงื™ื™ื–ืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ืณ ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืฉื™ืดื’) <ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื” โ€“ ืคืจืงื™ ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ>
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
ืขืœ ืดืฆื”ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืื•ืชืด
  • ื•ื•ืœืžื•ื˜, ืฆื‘ื™. ืืฉ ืงืคื•ืื”.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ืจืš 13, ื’ืœืณ 21 (ืืณ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘ืณ ืชืจืฆืดื—, 4 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1938), ืขืžืณ 5.
ืขืœ ืดื•ื™ืœืื•ืชืด
  • ื’ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื”.  ืขืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ื“.  ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜, ืื“ืจ ืืณ ืชืดืฉ, ืžืืจืก 1940, ืขืžืณ 45โ€“54 <ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืชึพื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื•ืขื“ืชึพื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื>
  • ืงืจืžืจ, ืฉืœื•ื.  ื”ืจื•ืงื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื’โ€“ื“ (ื ืดื˜โ€“ืกืณ) (ืชืžื•ื–โ€“ืื‘ ืชืดืฉ), ืขืžืณ 330โ€“331.
ืขืœ ืดืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืด ืขืœ ืดืขืœื™ ื“ืจืšืด
ืขืœ ืดืื–ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื‘ืŸืด
  • ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื”.  ืฉื™ืจืช ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคื™ื. ืžืื–ื ื™ื: ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื›ืดื’, ื’ืœืณ 3 (1966), ืขืžืณ 216โ€“219.
ืขืœ ืดื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื”ืด ืขืœ ืดืขื“ ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืจื—ืด ืขืœ ืดืฆืขื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจืด
  • ืงืจืžืจ, ืฉืœื•ื.  ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื”, ื’ืœืณ 1 (ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœืดื–, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1977), ืขืžืณ 50โ€“52.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL169869A Wikidata โ€“ Q18681603 NLI โ€“ 987007313410805171 LC โ€“ nr91021259 VIAF โ€“ 46617435
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 22 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2025

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