ื™ื•ืื‘ ืืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (1932)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yoav Elstein

ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ) ื‘ื›"ื— ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืฆ"ื’  (27 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1932). ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘-1958. ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (1964) ื•ืžื•ืกืžืš ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (1967). ืœืžื“ ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื•ื‘-1974 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืขืกืง ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืืจืฆื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ.

ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื”: (ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื. ื™ื•ืื‘)

  • ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื  (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื›"ื“)
  • ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืžื” ืžื ื’ื ืช  (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, ืชืฉื›"ื“)
  • ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืขืฅ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื  (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื“ืคื•ืก ืžืจื›ื–, ืชืฉื›"ื—)

ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“:

  • ื”ืจื"ื” : ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื-ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื•ืคืขืœื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื•ืจืฉืช, 1961) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื’ื‘' ื—ืกื™ื“ื” ื›ื”ืŸ>
  • ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื—ื™ื : ืคืจืง ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช - ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช, ืชืฉื›"ื‘) <ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื>
  • ืขื ื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื : ืคืจืงื™-ืื’ื“ื” ืœืฉื ืช ื”ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ (ื›ืคืจ ืคื™ื ืก : ืื•ืœืคื ืช ื‘ื ื™-ืขืงื™ื‘ื - ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ืชืฉื›"ื’)
ืกืคืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ:
  • ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืฉืœืžื”, ืชืฉื›"ื”) <ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืคื™ืฆ'ื ื™ืง>
  • ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฉืจ : ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืœ"ืฃ, ืชืฉ"ืœ)
  • ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ื–ื ื‘ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช : ืžื™ืชื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื (ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก, 1974) <ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื”--ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, 1974>
  • ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืž"ื“ 1983)
  • ืคืขืžื™ ื‘ืช ืžืœืš : ื—ืงืจื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘ (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืž"ื“ 1984)
  • ื”ืืงืกื˜ืื–ื” ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื "ื— 1998)
  • ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืชืงื•ืŸ : ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืช (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, 2007)
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
  • ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• : ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื• ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืž"ื’ 1983) <ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืชืื•ื“ื•ืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก>
  • ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉ' ืฉืœื•ื (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืž"ื• 1985) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื”ื>
  • ืชื™ืžื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื "ื“ 1994) <ื—ื•ื‘' 30 ืฉืœ 'ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช'>
  • ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืก"ื” 2004) <ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืคืกืงืจ ื•ืจืœื” ืงื•ืฉืœื‘ืกืงื™>
ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืื‘ ืืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ:
  • ืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื•ืื‘ ืืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ / ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื, ืื‘ื™ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืคืกืงืจ, ืจืœื” ืงื•ืฉืœื‘ืกืงื™ (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืก"ื• 2006) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืื‘ ืืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื‘ืจื’ืจ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื‘ืœืื˜, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืืœื™ื–ื - ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ืขื•ืœื : ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืื‘ ืืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื™"ื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืž"ื—, 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1988, ืขืž' 8.
ืขืœ "ืคืขืžื™ ื‘ืช ืžืœืš"
  • ืื“ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘. "ืคืขืžื™ ื‘ืช ืžืœืš". ืžื‘ื•ืข, ื—ื•ื‘' ื›' (ืชืฉืž"ื•-ืชืฉืž"ื–), ืขืž' 161ึพ162.
  • ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ. ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1985, ืขืž' 16.
ืขืœ "ื”ืืงืกื˜ื–ื” ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™"
  • ืงื•ืฉืœื‘ืกืงื™, ืจืœื”. ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื–' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื "ื˜, 23 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1999, ืขืž' 10.
ืขืœ ื”"ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™"
  • ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ, ื—ื™ื”. ื‘ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ืžื™ื’ื“ืœ. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›"ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืก"ื”, 4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2005, ืขืž' 28.
  • ืขื ื‘ืจื™, ืืกืฃ. ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืจื” ื”ื–ื”ื‘. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื˜' ื‘ืื“ืจ ื ืชืฉืก"ื”, 18 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2005, ืขืž' ื” 2.
  • ืงื•ืกืžืŸ, ืื“ืžื™ืืœ.  ืกืงื™ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.  ื“ื™ืžื•ื™, ื’ืœ' 26 (ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืชืฉืก"ื•), ืขืž' 84-85.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ