ืžืจื™ื ืึนืจืŸ (1920โ€“1998)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Miriam Oren

    ืžืจื™ื ืืจืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื›ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื’ืจ. ืื‘ื™ื” ื ืจืฆื— ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 5 ืขืœืชื” ืืจืฆื” ืขื ืืžื”. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื ื™ืฉืื” ืืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ (1890โ€“1966) ืืฉืจ ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื›ื‘ืช. ืฉื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ืจื. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื•ื•ื“ืœ. ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืžื‘ืงืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ื•ื—ืชืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืžืจื™ื ืึนืจืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชืจื’ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืจื•ืกื™ืช (ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื: ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื•ื“ืœ).  ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืฉืžื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™-ื”ืขื˜ ืฉืœื” ืดืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืืจืŸืด. ืฉื•ืฉื ื” (ืดืžืจื™ืืด) ืืจืŸ ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื‘ืŸ (ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื) ื•ื‘ืช, ืขื ืช (ื–ืดืœ), ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื“ื ื™ืืœ ืงืจืื•ืกืงื•ืคืฃ. ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื—, 20 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1998 ื•ื ื˜ืžื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ื ืช.
[ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื“ื ื™ืืœ ืงืจืื•ืกืงื•ืคืฃ ื•ืœืื•ืจื™ ืื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™]

ืกืคืจื™ื”:

  • ืื ื™, ืฆืคืจื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืžืฉื”>
  • ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1962) <ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื - ื™ื•ืกืœ ื‘ืจื’ื ืจ>
  • ืื“ื ืžื•ืขื“ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืœืดื 1971)
  • ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื– 1977)
  • ื–ื•ืงืคื™ื ืื–ืŸ ื—ื“ื” ืœื ื—ืฉ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืœืดืฃ, ืชืฉืžืดื” 1984)
  • ืœื ืืชืžื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื— 1988)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื™ืžื™ืžื” ืžื™ืœื•ื ; ืขืจื™ื›ื” - ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจืŸ, ืื•ืจื ื” ืžื™ืœื•ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, 1996)

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ื”ื“ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” : ืจื•ืžืŸ / ื”ืืŸ ืกื•ื™ื™ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1957)
  • ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื˜ / ื’ืจืื”ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1958) <ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื•ื“ืœ>
  • ืœื•ืกื™ ืงืจืื•ืŸ : ืจื•ืžืŸ / ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืื• (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜)
  • ืฆืจืคืช : ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” / ืžืืช ืžืดื ื’ืืจื ื˜ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื“ืจ, ืชืฉืดืš)
  • ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” : ืจื•ืžืŸ / ื”ืืŸ ืกื•ื™ื™ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, 1960)
  • ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” : ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” / ืžืืช ื’ืดืื• ื•ื’ืดืค ืงื™ืจื ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื“ืจ, ืชืฉื›ืดื 1960)
  • ื“ื•ืœื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— / ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื’ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, 1961)
  • ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืืœ / ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคื™ื™ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืžื™ื—ื™, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘ 1961)  <ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื•ื“ืœ>
  • ืกื•ืกืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื” / ื”ืœืŸ ื’ืจื™ืคื™ืชืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื›ืดื“)
  • ืœื•ืกื™ ืงืจืื•ืŸ / ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืื• (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืณ ืžื–ืจื—ื™, 1964)
  • ื ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” : ืœื ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื” / ืžืืจื’ืณืจื™ ื•ื•ื˜ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื“ืฃ, ืชืฉื›ืดื” 1965) <ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื>
  • ื“ื•ืœื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืจื— / ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื’ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, (ืชืฉื›ืดื•)
  • ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื ืง / ื”ื ืจื™ ื’ืณื™ื™ืžืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืชืจืžื™ืœ : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื–)
  • ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ / ื’ืณืžืก ื“ืณ ื•ื•ืื˜ืกื•ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืณ ืœื•ื™ืŸ-ืืคืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, ืชืฉืœืดื)
  • ื”ื ื•ืงื : ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ / ืืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืžืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ, 1972)
  • ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” / ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื•ื™ื™ื˜ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื–ืžื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืžื•ื“ืŸ, ืชืฉืดื 1980)
  • ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” / ืžืืช ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ืืจื‘ื•ื–ื•ื‘ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืจืžื” ืœื™ื“ ืดื‘ื™ืช ืฆื‘ื™ืด, ืชืฉืžืดื‘)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”:

  • ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื”. [ืขืœ ืดืชืจืขืœื”ืด ืžืชื•ืš ืณืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”ืณ]. ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ืขื ืฉื™ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, 1967), ืขืžืณ 8โ€“11.
ืขืœ ืดืื“ื ืžื•ืขื“ืด
ืขืœ ืดืืจืฅ ืžื™ืืด
  • ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช. ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื ื—ืฉื™ื. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื”, ื’ืœืณ 5 (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืœืดื—, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1977), ืขืžืณ 341.
ืขืœ ืดื–ื•ืงืคื™ื ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื“ื” ืœื ื—ืฉืด ืขืœ ืดืœื ืืชืžื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื•ืืด
  • ืจืฆื‘ื™, ืฉืœื•ื. ืฆืขืงื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืดืื ื™ืด ืžืขื•ืจื˜ืœ. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืžืดื˜, 30 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1988, ืขืžืณ 3.
  • ืฉืชืœ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื›ื—ื•ืœ. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ืณ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืžืดื˜, 12 ื‘ืžืื™ 1989, ืขืžืณ 17.
ืขืœ ืดื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื˜ืด ืœื’ืจืื”ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:
Wikidata โ€“ Q109439614 J9U โ€“ 987007310330505171 NLI โ€“ 000166086 LC โ€“ nr89002251 VIAF โ€“ 88359043
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 6 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ