ืืจื™ื” ื–ืงืก (1932ึพ1992)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Arieh Sachs

ืืจื™ื” ื–ืงืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืžืชืจื’ื ื•ื‘ืžืื™ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื”ืžื”. ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื. ืœืžื“ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืคืจื“ืก ื—ื ื”. ื‘-1948 ื ืžืœื˜ ืžื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืœืคืœืž"ื— ื•ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื“ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก ื‘ื‘ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืžื“ ื’ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืจื‘ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื’ื ืœืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืž-1962 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ืชื™ืจื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืจืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1990 ืขื‘ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื•ื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื›"ื ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื "ื’, 16 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1992 ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื’ืจื ื•ืช]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, 1973)
  • ืคืจื“ืก : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœ"ื•)
  • ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื : ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืžื™ื•ืืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืœ"ื—)
  • ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืœืฅ : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœ"ื—)
  • ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื“ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืž"ื 1981)
  • ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื ืกืื ืก ื•ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืž"ื’ 1983)
  • ื›ื”ืœ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื 1954ึพ1987 (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืž"ื— 1988)
  • ืงืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืชืฉืž"ื— 1988) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” - ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืกื—>
  • ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื˜ื›"ืœ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจืืฉื™-ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืชืฉืž"ื˜ 1989)
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืœื•ื / ื’'ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืžืŸ ; ืชืจื’ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช, ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืืจื™ื” ื–ืงืก (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1978)
  • ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืืจื•ื˜ื™ืช : ืžืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืœื’ืžืฉ ืขื“ ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื›ื”ืŸ / ืœื™ืงื˜, ืชืจื’ื ื•ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืืจื™ื” ื–ืงืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1989)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
  • ืœื•ื™, ืฉืจื™ืช ื™ืฉื™. ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” ื–ืงืก. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื—' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื’, 1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1993, ืขืž' 24, 26.
  • ื ื’ื‘, ืื™ืœืช. "ืืชื, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ืชื™ื”ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืžืฉืš" : ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืคืจื•ืค' ืืจื™ื” ื–ืงืก.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 7 ื™ืžื™ื, ื›"ื˜ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื "ื, 9 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1991, ืขืž' 24ึพ26 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 1995), ืขืž' 161ึพ170>
ืขืœ "ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืคื™" ืขืœ "ืคืจื“ืก"
  • ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ืื”ืจืŸ.  ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ 'ืคืจื“ืก'.  ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”: ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘' 7 (ืžืื™ 1977), ืขืž' 462ึพ464.
ืขืœ "ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื "
ืขืœ "ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืœืฅ"
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื•ืก, ืื‘ื ืจ.  ืขืœ "ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืœืฅ" ืœืืจื™ื” ื–ืงืก. ื‘ืžื”, ื—ื•ื‘' 79ึพ80 (132ึพ133) (ืกืชื™ื•-ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืชืฉืœ"ื˜ 1978ึพ1979), ืขืž' 166ึพ168.
ืขืœ "ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืŸืจื•ื“"
ืขืœ "ื›ื”ืœ"
  • ื‘ืจ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ืœ. ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื’ืœ' 306 (13 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1988), ืขืž' 36.
  • ืœืื•ืจ, ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืž"ื—, 17 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1988, ืขืž' ื‘ 8.
  • ื ื™ืกื™ื, ืงื•ื‘ื™. ื”ืžืื”ื‘ ืœื ืขืจื”, ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 115ึพ116 (ืืœื•ืœ-ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืž"ื˜-ืชืฉ"ืŸ, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜-ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1989), ืขืžโ€™ 8.
  • ื ืฆืจ, ืจื•ืช. ื™ื•ื ืง ื“ื‘ืฉ. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืก"ื‘, ื’ืœ' 9ึพ10 (1989), ืขืž' 72ึพ74.
ืขืœ "ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ"
  • ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ืื•ืจื™ืืœ. ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื ื™ ื•ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืก"ื—, ื’ืœ' 4 (ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื“, ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1994), ืขืž' 34ึพ37
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 5 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2023

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