ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื ื™ื
  

ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื“ืจ (1946ึพ1998)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yossi Hadar

    ื™ื•ืกื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ื•, 19 ื‘ืžืื™ 1946  ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื”. ื”ื•ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” "ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืฆืœ", ืืš ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื—ื ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ. ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื ืขืœื• ื‘ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, 1947. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืฆืจื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจืช ื’ื‘ืขืช-ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื‘ืคืจื“ืก ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.  ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืขืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืœืžื“ ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ื”ื“ืกื”", ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื‘-1971, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ืช). ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืืš ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžื ืคื—. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื™ืชื— ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืงืจื‘ ื•ืชื—ืช ืืฉ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.  ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืกื™ ืจื•ืฉื ืขื–, ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ืฉืกื‘ืœ ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื˜ืจืื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื”, ื•ืืœื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื”. ืืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ "ืฉืœื•ื•ืชื”" ื‘ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื—ืจืื™, ื›ืื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื˜ืก.  ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืงืชื“ืจื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืืœื™ ื•ื™ื–ืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš 4 ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื” ื•ื™ื–ื ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื ื˜"ืœ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ืคื’ืขื™ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืชื•. ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื”' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื "ื—, 28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1998, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืคืขืœื• ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื–ืื™, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืกื•ืคืจ. ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื "ื”ืœื ืงืจื‘", "ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืฃ" (ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื’ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ), "ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช" ื•"ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ื“ ื—ื“ืจื” ื ืกื’ืจืช". ื”ื ื™ื— ืื—ืจื™ื• ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื”ืžืขื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ :ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœ"ื— 1978)
  • ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ :ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœ"ื˜ 1979)
  • ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืฃ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ :ืื•ืจ-ืขื, ืชืฉืž"ื– 1987)
  • ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืื• ืืœื‘ื™ืชื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ืชืฉื "ื” 1994) <ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืกืจ> 
  • ื™ื•ืฆืงื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืจืŸ, ืชืฉืก"ื’ 2003) <ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืชืžืจ ืคื•ืงืก>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ "ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™"
  • ืจื•ืŸ, ืกืจื™ื ื”.  [ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช]. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 16/17 (1979), ืขืž' 47
ืขืœ "ื™ื•ืฆืงื”"
  • ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ืขืžืจื™.  ื”ืกืคืจื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›"ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืก"ื“, 17 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2003, ืขืž' ื” 1.
  • ืžืœืฆืจ, ื™ื•ืจื. ืขื™ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื˜"ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืก"ื“, 9 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2004, ืขืž'4.
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” "ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช" ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ ืชื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื”
  • ืื‘ื™ื’ืœ, ืฉื•ืฉ. ืื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ. ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื’ืœ' 166 (5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1986), ืขืž' 39, 41
  • ื“ืงืœ, ืื™ืจื™ืช. ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืฉื‘ืจื•.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 7 ืœื™ืœื•ืช, 24 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1986, ืขืž' 9
  • ื”ื ื“ืœื–ืœืฅ, ืžื™ื›ืืœ. ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื”ืืจืฅ, 29 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1986, ืขืž' 12
  • ื•ื™ืจืœ, ื•ืจื“. ื”ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•"ื”ื—ืจืจื”". ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 74/75 (1986), ืขืž' 43
  • ื™ืก, ืืจื™ื”. ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืคืฆืข ืคืชื•ื—. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1986, ืขืž' 18
  • ืžื ื•ืจ, ื’ื™ื•ืจื. ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืฉื‘ืœื‘. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1986, ืขืž' 10
  • ื ื•ื‘ืง, ื—ื•ื”. ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื”. ื“ื‘ืจ, 29 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1986, ืขืž' 12
  • ืขื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืขื–. ืืคื•ื™ ืœืžื—ืฆื”. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 29 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1986, ืขืž' 31
  • ืคืœื’, ื’ื™ื“ื™. "ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช". ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง, 11 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1986, ืขืž' 12
  • ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ, ื—ื ื”. ืคื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืื”. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 20 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1986, ืขืž' 10
ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” "ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืฃ" ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”
  • ื ื™ืฆืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ. ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื”. ื”ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžืจืฅ-ืืคืจื™ืœ 1987, ืขืž' 16
  • ืฉื’ื‘, ืชื•ื.  ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.  ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื’ืœ'  215 (14 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1987), ืขืž' 35, 36-38
ืขืœ "ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ื“ ื—ื“ืจื” ื ืกื’ืจืช", ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ ืชื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื”
  • ืคื•ืงืก, ืฉืจื™ืช. ืฉื ื”ืชื—ื ื”, ื—ื“ืจื”. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 23 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1990, ืขืž' ื“ 4
ืขืœ "ืขื›ืฉื• ื‘ืื• ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื" ืขืœ "ื™ื•ืฆืงื”"
  • ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ืขืžืจื™. ื”ืกืคืจื™ื. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›"ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืก"ื“, 17 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2003, ืขืž' ื” 1
  • ืžืœืฆืจ, ื™ื•ืจื. ืขื™ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื˜"ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืก"ื“, 9 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2004, ืขืž' 24
  • ืจื˜ื™, ืชืžืจ. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ <ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ>  ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืก"ื’, 19 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2003
 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 7 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ
ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ืขื•ืจืš ืื—ืจืื™: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืœืจื•ืŸึพื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืœื’ืจ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ