Ipar Irlandako gatazka

Ipar Irlandako Gatazka
Data	1966–1998
Lekua	Irlanda, Erresuma Batua
Emaitza	Ostiral Santuko Hitzarmena
Gudulariak
Galerak

Ipar Irlandako gatazka (ingelesez: The Troubles, Northern Ireland conflict edo Conflict in Ireland; irlanderaz: Na Trioblóidí, «Arazoak») 1969. urtetik aurrera Ipar Irlandan izandako gatazka etniko eta nazionalista bat izan zen.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Batzuetan, «gerrillazko gerra» bat edo «intentsitate apaleko gerra» bat izan zela esaten da.^[11]^[12]^[13] Indarkeriazko azken aroa 1960ko hamarkadaren bukaeran hasi zen, eta 1998an Belfasten sinatutako Ostiral Santuko Hitzarmenarekin amaitu zela jotzen da.^[3]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] Gatazka gehienbat Ipar Irlandan gertatu zen arren, indarkeria zenbaitetan iritsi zen Irlandako Errepublikara, Ingalaterrara eta Europa kontinentalera ere. Gatazka nagusiki politikoa zen —funtsean, lurraldea Erresuma Batuan mantentzearen aldekoen eta Irlandako Errepublikarekin batzearen aldekoen artean—, gertaera historikoek auspotua.

Erresuma Batuan mantentzearen aldekoen multzoan, Ipar Irlandako unionistak edo leialistak zeuden. Politikarien artean, aipatzekoa da Ian Paisley, DUP alderdikoa. Ideologia bereko indarkeriazko ekintzaileen artean, Michael Stone paramilitarra dugu.

Bigarren multzoan (errepublikarrak), IRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) talde armatuak 1969an ekin zion borroka armatuari edo ekintza terroristei. Taldekideen artean, Bobby Sands (1954-1981) nabarmendu zen gose-greba eginez hil baitzen kartzelan, sinbolo bihurtuz. 2005etik su-etenean dago IRA. Sinn Féin alderdi politikoa ere errepublikarra da. Hala politikan nola indarkeriazko ekintzetan, buruzagi aipagarrietakoa da Gerry Adams.

Kronologia

1960ko hamarkada

1970eko hamarkada

1970:
- Armen krisia
- Fallsko etxeratze-agindua.

1971:

1972:

1973:

1974:

1975:

1976:

1978:

1979:
- Warrenpointeko segada
- Lord Mountbattenen hilketa.

Pertsona nabarmenak

Errepublikarrak

Seán Lemass (1899–1971), Irlandako Errepublikako Taoiseacha (1959-1966).
Jack Lynch (1917–1999), Taoiseach (1966-1973 eta 1977-1979).
Liam Cosgrave (1920–2017), Taoiseach (1973-1977).
Charles Haughey (1925–2006), Taoiseach (1979-1981, 1982 eta 1987-1992).
Garret FitzGerald (1926–2011), Taoiseach (1981-1982 eta 1982-1987).
Albert Reynolds (1932–2014), Taoiseach (1992-1994).
John Hume (1937-2020), SDLP alderdiaren sortzailea eta Bakearen Nobel sariduna.
John Bruton (1947–2024), Taoiseach (1994-1997).
Bernadette Devlin (1947–), Irlandar Alderdi Errepublikar Sozialistaren sortzailea.
Gerry Adams (1948-), Sinn Féin alderdiaren burua.
Brendan Hughes (1948-2008), Behin-Behineko IRAko kidea.
Dolours Price (1950-2013), IRAko kidea.
Bertie Ahern (1951-), Taoiseach (1997-2008).
Bobby Sands (1954-1981), IRAko kidea.

Unionistak

James Callaghan (1912-2005), Erresuma Batuko Lehen Ministroa (1976-1979).
Harold Wilson (1916-1995), EBko Lehen Ministroa (1964-1970) eta 1974-1976.
Edward Heath (1916-2005), EBko Lehen Ministroa (1970-1974).
Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013), EBko Lehen Ministroa (1979-1990).
Ian Paisley (1926-2014), DUP alderdiaren burua.
John Major (1943-), EBko Lehen Ministroa (1990-1997).
David Trimble (1944-2022), UUP alderdiaren presidentea eta Bakearen Nobel sariduna.
Mo Mowlam (1949-2005), politikari laborista britainiarra.
Lenny Murphy (1952-1982): "Shankill Butchers" paramilitarren buruzagia.
Tony Blair (1953-), EBko Lehen Ministroa (1997-2007).
Michael Stone (1955-), paramilitar loialista.
Billy Wright (1960-1997), Loialista Boluntarioen Indarra (UVF) taldearen buruzagia.

Bestelakoak

Alec Reid (1931-2013), apaiz bakezalea.
George J. Mitchell (1933-), estatubatuar senataria.
Harold Good (1937-), apaiz bakezalea.
Mairead Corrigan (1944-), ekintzaile bakezalea.

Gatazka bukatu ondorengo gorabeherak

Sakontzeko, irakurri: «Ipar Irlandako desarmea»

2007ko hauteskundeen ondoren Ian Paisleyren DUP eta Gerry Adamsen Sinn Féin indarturik atera ziren, eta gobernua elkarrekin eratu behar izan zuten, autonomia berreskuratzeko.

2014ko urriaren 29an, Belfasteko bigarren saialdia hasi zen. AEBetako Gobernuak beste ordezkari bat igorri zuen Ipar Irlandara, negoziazioak sustatzeko. Ipar Irlandako gatazka politikoaren hainbat ondorioren inguruko akordioak sustatzea izango zen haren lana; besteak beste, banderen auzia eta manifestazioen arautzea argitzeko.^[18] Abenduaren 23an, «akordio garrantzitsua» lortu zuen Irlanda Iparraldeko alderdiek arlo ekonomiko eta politikoan.^[19] Egonkortasunari atea zabaltzen zion akordioak eta hurrengo hamar urteetarako finantza plana hitzartu zuten gobernua osatzen duten alderdiek. Banderei eta desfileen inguruan ez zuten adostasunik lortu, eta hurrengo bileretan landuko zuten auzia.^[20]

Zineman

Literaturan

"Proxopera" (Benedict Kiely, 1977), "Lies of Silence" (Brian Moore, 1990), "Divorcing Jack" (Colin Bateman, 1995), "Eureka Street" (Robert MacLiam Wilson, 1996), "Reading in the Dark" (Seamus Deane, 1996) eta "The International" (Glenn Patterson, 1999) dira ingelesezko literaturan Ulsterreko gatazkari buruz idatzita dauden liburu batzuk. ^[21]

Musikan

Sakontzeko, irakurri: «Irlandako musika matxino»

Ikus, gainera

Erreferentziak

↑ Frequently Asked Questions - The Northern Ireland Conflict, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 18 May 2017.
↑ Arthur Aughey. The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement, p. 7; ISBN 978-0-415-32788-6.
1 2 (Ingelesez) «The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance.»
Jack Holland: Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland. Henry Holt & Company, 1999, p. 221; ISBN 0-8050-6087-1
↑ Gordon Gillespie, Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict, p. 250; ISBN 978-0-8108-5583-0.
1 2 3 4 (Ingelesez) Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: Status of person killed. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
↑ Organizations: U (ikus «Ulster Resistance» atala). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
↑ (Ingelesez) Mitchell, Claire. (2013). Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland. Ashgate Publishing, 5 or.
Aipua: «The most popular school of thought on religion is encapsulated in McGarry and O'Leary's Explaining Northern Ireland (1995), and is echoed by Coulter (1999) and Clayton (1998). The central argument is that religion is an ethnic marker, but that it is not generally politically relevant in and of itself. Instead, ethnonationalism lies at the root of the conflict. Hayes and McAllister (1999a) point out that this represents something of an academic consensus.».
↑ John McGarry & Brendan O'Leary. (15 June 1995). Explaining Northern Ireland. Wiley-Blackwell, 18 or. ISBN 978-0-631-18349-5..
↑ Dermot Keogh, ed. (28 January 1994). Northern Ireland and the Politics of Reconciliation. Cambridge University Press, 55–59 or. ISBN 978-0-521-45933-4..
↑ John Coakley. ETHNIC CONFLICT AND THE TWO-STATE SOLUTION: THE IRISH EXPERIENCE OF PARTITION. (kontsulta data: 15 February 2009)
Aipua: «...these attitudes are not rooted particularly in religious belief, but rather in underlying ethnonational identity patterns.».
↑ Who Won The War? Revisiting NI on 20th anniversary of ceasefires. BBC (kontsulta data: 26 September 2014).
↑ Troubles 'not war' motion passed. News.bbc.co.uk 18 February 2008 (kontsulta data: 3 March 2015).
↑ Frost over the World - "7:19 Paisley Describes Troubles As War". youtube.com 28 March 2008 (kontsulta data: 3 March 2015).
↑ Arthur Aughey. The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement, p. 7; ISBN 978-0-41532-788-6.
↑ Gordon Gillespie. Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict p. 250; ISBN 978-0810855830
↑ Marianne Elliot. The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University. University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press, 2007, pp. 2, 188; ISBN 1-84631-065-2.
↑ Michael Goodspeed. When reason fails: Portraits of armies at war: America, Britain, Israel, and the future. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, pp. 44, 61; ISBN 0-275-97378-6
↑ Samara Velte, «Belfasteko bigarren saialdia», Berria, 2014-10-30
↑ «"Akordio garrantzitsua" egin dute Irlanda Iparraldeko alderdiek», Berria, 2014-12-23
↑ Oihan Vitoria, «Egonkortasunari atea zabaltzeko akordioa lortu dute Ipar Irlandan», Berria, 2014-12-24
↑ "Beldurra kaleen jabe egin zen eguna" (Berria)

Kanpo estekak

Datuak: Q815436
Multimedia: Northern Ireland Troubles / Q815436

[1] Frequently Asked Questions - The Northern Ireland Conflict, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 18 May 2017.

[2] Arthur Aughey. The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement, p. 7; ISBN 978-0-415-32788-6.

[Ireland_1999,_page_221-3] 1 2 (Ingelesez) «The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance.»
Jack Holland: Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland. Henry Holt & Company, 1999, p. 221; ISBN 0-8050-6087-1

[Northern_Ireland_Conflict'_page_250-4] Gordon Gillespie, Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict, p. 250; ISBN 978-0-8108-5583-0.

[suttonstatus-5] 1 2 3 4 (Ingelesez) Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: Status of person killed. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).

[6] Organizations: U (ikus «Ulster Resistance» atala). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)

[CMitchell-7] (Ingelesez) Mitchell, Claire. (2013). Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland. Ashgate Publishing, 5 or.
Aipua: «The most popular school of thought on religion is encapsulated in McGarry and O'Leary's Explaining Northern Ireland (1995), and is echoed by Coulter (1999) and Clayton (1998). The central argument is that religion is an ethnic marker, but that it is not generally politically relevant in and of itself. Instead, ethnonationalism lies at the root of the conflict. Hayes and McAllister (1999a) point out that this represents something of an academic consensus.».

[8] John McGarry & Brendan O'Leary. (15 June 1995). Explaining Northern Ireland. Wiley-Blackwell, 18 or. ISBN 978-0-631-18349-5..

[9] Dermot Keogh, ed. (28 January 1994). Northern Ireland and the Politics of Reconciliation. Cambridge University Press, 55–59 or. ISBN 978-0-521-45933-4..

[10] John Coakley. ETHNIC CONFLICT AND THE TWO-STATE SOLUTION: THE IRISH EXPERIENCE OF PARTITION. (kontsulta data: 15 February 2009)
Aipua: «...these attitudes are not rooted particularly in religious belief, but rather in underlying ethnonational identity patterns.».

[11] Who Won The War? Revisiting NI on 20th anniversary of ceasefires. BBC (kontsulta data: 26 September 2014).

[12] Troubles 'not war' motion passed. News.bbc.co.uk 18 February 2008 (kontsulta data: 3 March 2015).

[13] Frost over the World - "7:19 Paisley Describes Troubles As War". youtube.com 28 March 2008 (kontsulta data: 3 March 2015).

[14] Arthur Aughey. The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement, p. 7; ISBN 978-0-41532-788-6.

[15] Gordon Gillespie. Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict p. 250; ISBN 978-0810855830

[elliot-16] Marianne Elliot. The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University. University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press, 2007, pp. 2, 188; ISBN 1-84631-065-2.

[17] Michael Goodspeed. When reason fails: Portraits of armies at war: America, Britain, Israel, and the future. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, pp. 44, 61; ISBN 0-275-97378-6

[18] Samara Velte, «Belfasteko bigarren saialdia», Berria, 2014-10-30

[19] «"Akordio garrantzitsua" egin dute Irlanda Iparraldeko alderdiek», Berria, 2014-12-23

[20] Oihan Vitoria, «Egonkortasunari atea zabaltzeko akordioa lortu dute Ipar Irlandan», Berria, 2014-12-24

[21] "Beldurra kaleen jabe egin zen eguna" (Berria)

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