Brackebuschite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Brackebuschite
Luis Brackebusch
Formula:
Pb2Mn3+(VO4)2(OH)
Colour:
Dark brown to black; reddish brown in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
4 - 5
Specific Gravity:
6.05
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by A. Döring in 1880 in honour of German mineralogist and geologist Ludwig Brackebusch (March 4, 1849, Northeim, Germany - June 2, 1906 Hannover, Germany), Professor of Mineralogy, University of Córdoba (1875-1888), Córdoba, Argentina, and author of several papers on Argentine minerals. He returned to Germany in 1888 and worked as a consulting geologist.
Brackebuschite Group. The Pb analogue of tokyoite, Mn analogue of calderónite, and Pb-Mn analogue of gamagarite. Chemically similar to krettnichite, paseroite, and pyrobelonite.
A rare secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits.
Crystal structure details (Lafuente & Downs, 2016): (1) ccp set of O and Pb atoms; (2) chains of edge-sharing MnO6 octahedra, surrounded by 2 unique VO4 tetrahedra; (3) ∞1[MnO4/2O2/1] chain connected sharing vertex with one vanadate group; (4) second vanadate group sharing two vertices with two octahedra, thus forming Mn2V ring; (5) ∞1[Mn(VO4)2OH] chains, parallel to and twisted along [010]; (6) PbO8 and PbO11 polyhedra joining the previous chains; (7) one Pb and two Mn cations are bridged by OH group, which participates in a hydrogen bond with vanadate group of the adjacent chain.
A rare secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits.
Crystal structure details (Lafuente & Downs, 2016): (1) ccp set of O and Pb atoms; (2) chains of edge-sharing MnO6 octahedra, surrounded by 2 unique VO4 tetrahedra; (3) ∞1[MnO4/2O2/1] chain connected sharing vertex with one vanadate group; (4) second vanadate group sharing two vertices with two octahedra, thus forming Mn2V ring; (5) ∞1[Mn(VO4)2OH] chains, parallel to and twisted along [010]; (6) PbO8 and PbO11 polyhedra joining the previous chains; (7) one Pb and two Mn cations are bridged by OH group, which participates in a hydrogen bond with vanadate group of the adjacent chain.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
749
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:749:8
IMA Classification of Brackebuschite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+2Mn3+(V5+O4)2(OH)
Classification of Brackebuschite
8.BG.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
G : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 0.5:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
G : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 0.5:1
40.2.8.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2 : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2 : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O
21.4.18
21 : Vanadates (and vanadates with arsenate or phosphate)
4 : Vanadates of U, Mn, Fe or Ni
21 : Vanadates (and vanadates with arsenate or phosphate)
4 : Vanadates of U, Mn, Fe or Ni
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bbs | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Brackebuschite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Dark brown to black; reddish brown in transmitted light.
Streak:
Yellow
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
6.05 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.11 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Brackebuschite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.28 nβ = 2.36 - 2.38 nγ = 2.48 - 2.49
2V:
Calculated: 82° to 88°
Birefringence:
0.21
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.200 - 0.210
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Optical Extinction:
X^a = 20°; Y=b
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Nearly colourless
Y = Dark reddish brown
Z = Reddish brown
Y = Dark reddish brown
Z = Reddish brown
Chemistry of Brackebuschite
Mindat Formula:
Pb2Mn3+(VO4)2(OH)
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Brackebuschite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Setting:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.88 Å, b = 6.155 Å, c = 7.681 Å
β = 111.5°
β = 111.5°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.443 : 1 : 1.248
Unit Cell V:
390.60 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals commonly acicular, elongated and striated parallel [010]; may be lathlike or wedge-shaped, flattened on {001}, with {100}, {001}, {011}, {102}, {103}, and others, perhaops without terminal faces; sprays, dendritic, botryoidal.
Comment:
β = 111.5 - 111.833; parameters from the refinement of Lafuente & Downs (2016): a=7.64920, b=6.12620, c=8.9241, β=112.1950
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0020434 | Brackebuschite | Lafuente B, Downs R T (2016) Redetermination of brackebuschite, Pb2Mn3+(VO4)2(OH) Acta Crystallographica E72 293-296 |  | 2016 | Sierra de Cordoba, Argentina | 0 | 293 |
| 0005530 | Brackebuschite | Foley J A, Hughes J M, Lange D (1997) The atomic arrangement of brackebuschite, redefined as Pb2(Mn,Fe)(VO4)2(OH), and comments on Mn octahedra The Canadian Mineralogist 35 1027-1033 |  | 1997 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000072 | Brackebuschite | Donaldson D M, Barnes W H (1955) The structures of the minerals of the descloizite and adelite groups: III - brackebuschite American Mineralogist 40 597-613 | | 1955 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.95 Å | (80) |
| 3.25 Å | (100) |
| 3.08 Å | (50) |
| 2.98 Å | (60) |
| 2.76 Å | (80) |
| 2.13 Å | (40) |
| 1.720 Å | (60) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] |
Type Occurrence of Brackebuschite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Dark brown elongated crystals
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England: #55819. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: #96255.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized hydrothermal veins in a Pb-Zn deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Brackebuschite
Dutch:Brackebuschiet
German:Brackebuschit
Russian:Бракебушит
Simplified Chinese:锰铁钒铅矿
Spanish:Brackebuschita
Relationship of Brackebuschite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Brackebuschite Supergroup:
| Aldomarinoite | Sr2Mn3+(AsO4)2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Arsenbrackebuschite | Pb2Fe3+(AsO4)2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
| Arsentsumebite | Pb2Cu(AsO4)(SO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Bearthite | Ca2Al(PO4)2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Bushmakinite | Pb2Al(PO4)(VO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Calderónite | Pb2Fe3+(VO4)2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Canosioite | Ba2Fe3+(AsO4)2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Feinglosite | Pb2Zn(AsO4)2 · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Ferribushmakinite | Pb2Fe3+(PO4)(VO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Gamagarite | Ba2Fe3+(VO4)2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Goedkenite | Sr2Al(PO4)2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Grandaite | Sr2Al(AsO4)2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Lombardoite | Ba2Mn3+(AsO4)2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Tokyoite | Ba2Mn3+(VO4)2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Tsumebite | Pb2Cu(PO4)(SO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 'Unnamed (possible ordered As-analogue of Tokyoite)' | Ba2Mn[(As,V)O4]2(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 15 photos of Brackebuschite associated with Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
| 2 photos of Brackebuschite associated with Krettnichite | PbMn3+2(VO4)2(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BG. | Aldomarinoite | Sr2Mn3+(AsO4)2(OH) |
| 8.BG. | Dongchuanite | Pb4ZnZn2(PO4)4(OH)2 |
| 8.BG. | Cuprodongchuanite | Pb4CuZn2(PO4)4(OH)2 |
| 8.BG. | Canosioite | Ba2Fe3+(AsO4)2(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Feinglosite | Pb2Zn(AsO4)2 · H2O |
| 8.BG.05 | Tokyoite | Ba2Mn3+(VO4)2(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Lombardoite | Ba2Mn3+(AsO4)2(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Bearthite | Ca2Al(PO4)2(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | 'Unnamed (possible ordered As-analogue of Tokyoite)' | Ba2Mn[(As,V)O4]2(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Gamagarite | Ba2Fe3+(VO4)2(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Arsentsumebite | Pb2Cu(AsO4)(SO4)(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | 'UM1994-19-PO:CuHMoPb' | Pb2Cu(PO4)(MoO4,AsO4,CrO4,GaO4)(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Ferribushmakinite | Pb2Fe3+(PO4)(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Arsenbrackebuschite | Pb2Fe3+(AsO4)2(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Goedkenite | Sr2Al(PO4)2(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Tsumebite | Pb2Cu(PO4)(SO4)(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Bushmakinite | Pb2Al(PO4)(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BG.05 | Calderónite | Pb2Fe3+(VO4)2(OH) |
| 8.BG.10 | Mélonjosephite | CaFe2+Fe3+(PO4)2(OH) |
| 8.BG.15 | Tancoite | LiNa2Al(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH) |
| 8.BG.20 | Dmisokolovite | K3Cu5AlO2(AsO4)4 |
| 8.BG.25 | Shchurovskyite | K2CaCu6O2(AsO4)4 |
| 8.BG.30 | Wrightite | K2Al2O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BG.35 | Polyarsite | Na7CaMgCu2(AsO4)4F2Cl |
Fluorescence of Brackebuschite
Not fluorescent
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Brackebuschite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-749.html
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References for Brackebuschite
Reference List:
Larsen, E.S.; Berman, H. (1934) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin of the US Geological Survey Vol. 848. US Geological Survey p.1-266. doi:10.3133/b848 p.146
Berry, L. G., Graham, A. R. (1948) X-ray measurements on brackebuschite and hematolite. American Mineralogist, 33 (7-8) 489-495
Donaldson, D. M., Barnes, W. H. (1955) The structures of the minerals of the descloizite and adelite groups: III-Brackebuschite. American Mineralogist, 40 (7-8). 597-613
Fanfani, L., Zanazzi, P. F. (1967) Structural similarities of some secondary lead minerals. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (280) 522-529 doi:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.280.06
Localities for Brackebuschite
Showing 18 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Sureda (1978) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references |
Australia | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +7 other references |
Austria | |
| Auer (2020) |
China | |
| Guangming Yang (1980) |
DR Congo | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
Gabon | |
| Bariand et al. (1963) |
Germany | |
| Brugger et al. (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
South Africa | |
| Costin et al. (2014) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Carmona Ruiz +2 other references |
USA | |
| Ron Layton self collected |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Rruff project. Raman and XRD analyzed. +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (2006) |
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Venus Mine, Venus Pb-Zn deposit, El Guaico mining district, Ciénaga del Coro District, Minas Department, Córdoba Province, Argentina