Volborthite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Volborthite
Alexander F. Volborth
Formula:
Cu3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2O
Colour:
Olive-green, yellow-green; green to yellow-green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Waxy, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
3.5 - 3.8
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honour of Alexander Fedorovich Volborth (Александр Федорович Фольборт) (11 (22) January 1800, Mogilev, Russian Empire - 5 (17) March 1876, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire), paleontologist, who first noted the mineral. At least ten fossil species are also named after him.
A secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of vanadium-bearing hydrothermal deposits.
At least two different monoclinic space-group variants (C2/m, C2/c) seem to be stable at ambient temperature.
Visually similar to vésigniéite.
Structurally related to engelhauptite.
At least two different monoclinic space-group variants (C2/m, C2/c) seem to be stable at ambient temperature.
Visually similar to vésigniéite.
Structurally related to engelhauptite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4200
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4200:6
IMA Classification of Volborthite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+3V5+2O7(OH)2·2H2O
First published:
1838
Classification of Volborthite
8.FD.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
F : Polyphosphates, Polyarsenates, [4]-Polyvanadates
D : Polyphosphates, etc., with OH and H2O
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
F : Polyphosphates, Polyarsenates, [4]-Polyvanadates
D : Polyphosphates, etc., with OH and H2O
40.3.10.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
21.1.12
21 : Vanadates (and vanadates with arsenate or phosphate)
1 : Vanadates of the alkalis and Cu
21 : Vanadates (and vanadates with arsenate or phosphate)
1 : Vanadates of the alkalis and Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Vbo | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Volborthite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Volborthite
Vitreous, Waxy, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Lustre pearly on the cleavage surfaces.
Colour:
Olive-green, yellow-green; green to yellow-green in transmitted light.
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
One perfect.
One perfect.
Density:
3.5 - 3.8 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.52 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Volborthite
Type:
Biaxial (+/-)
RI values:
nα = 1.793 nβ = 1.801 nγ = 1.816
2V:
Measured: 63° to 83°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.023
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Chemistry of Volborthite
Mindat Formula:
Cu3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Volborthite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.610(2) Å, b = 5.866(1) Å, c = 7.208(1) Å
β = 95.04(2)°
β = 95.04(2)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.809 : 1 : 1.229
Unit Cell V:
446.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Pseudohexagonal. Scaly, fibrous or spongy crusts and rosette-like aggregates; also reticulated. Scales may have a triangular or hexagonal outline.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019038 | Volborthite | Yoshida H, Yamaura J, Isobe M, Nilsen G J, Hiroi Z (2012) T = 323 K Nature Communications 3 8601-8605 | 2012 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019133 | Volborthite | Ishikawa H, Yamaura J, Okamoto Y, Yoshida H, Nilsen G J, Hiroi Z (2012) A novel crystal polymorph of volborthite, Cu3V2O7(OH)2*2H2O Acta Crystallographica C68 i41-i44 |  | 2012 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0018692 | Volborthite | Kashaev A A, Rozhdestvenskaya I V, Bannova I I, Sapozhnikov A N, Glebova O D (2008) Balance, uniformity, and asymmetry of the structure of volborthite Cu3(OH)2(V2O7)*2H2O Journal of Structural Chemistry 49 708-711 | 2008 | not given | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018693 | Volborthite | Basso R, Palenzona A, Zefiro L (1988) Crystal structure refinement of volborthite from Scrava mine (Eastern Liguria, Italy) Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1988 385-394 | 1988 | Scrava mine, Eastern Liguria, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019037 | Volborthite | Yoshida H, Yamaura J, Isobe M, Nilsen G J, Hiroi Z (2012) Orbital switching in a frustrated magnet Nature Communications 3 8601-8605 | 2012 | synthetic | 0 | 150 | |
| 0013678 | Volborthite | Lafontaine M A, LeBail A, Ferey G (1990) Copper-containing minerals - I. Cu3V2O7(OH)2,2H2O: The synthetic homolog of volborthite; crystal structure determination from X-ray and neutron data; structural correlations Journal of Solid State Chemistry 85 220-227 | 1990 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0013677 | Volborthite | Lafontaine M A, LeBail A, Ferey G (1990) Copper-containing minerals - I. Cu3V2O7(OH)2,2H2O: The synthetic homolog of volborthite; crystal structure determination from X-ray and neutron data; structural correlations Journal of Solid State Chemistry 85 220-227 | 1990 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0018666 | Volborthite | Kashaev A A, Bakakin V V (1968) Crystal structure of volborthite Cu3(OH)2V2O7*2H2O Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 181 967-969 | 1968 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.16 Å | (10) |
| 4.103 Å | (5) |
| 3.090 Å | (5) |
| 2.998 Å | (5) |
| 2.643 Å | (7) |
| 2.571 Å | (7) |
| 2.389 Å | (7) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of vanadium-bearing hydrothermal deposits.
Type Occurrence of Volborthite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Synonyms of Volborthite
Other Language Names for Volborthite
Dutch:Volborthiet
Russian:Фольбортит
Simplified Chinese:水钒铜矿
Spanish:Knauffita
Volborthita
Volborthita
Traditional Chinese:水釩銅礦
Varieties of Volborthite
| Barium-bearing Volborthite | A barium-bearing variety of volborthite. |
Relationship of Volborthite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Volborthite Group:
| Karpenkoite | Co3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2O | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Martyite | Zn3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2O | Trig. 3m : P3m1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 118 photos of Volborthite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 62 photos of Volborthite associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| 42 photos of Volborthite associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 37 photos of Volborthite associated with Tyuyamunite | Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2 · 5-8H2O |
| 32 photos of Volborthite associated with Native Copper | Cu |
| 29 photos of Volborthite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 26 photos of Volborthite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 21 photos of Volborthite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 20 photos of Volborthite associated with Sulvanite | Cu3VS4 |
| 20 photos of Volborthite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.FD.05 | Martyite | Zn3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.FD.05 | Karpenkoite | Co3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.FD.10 | Vanarsite | NaCa12(As3+V5+8.5V4+3.5As5+6O51)2 · 78H2O |
| 8.FD.10 | Packratite | Ca11(As3+V5+10V4+2As5+6O51)2 · 83H2O |
| 8.FD.10 | Bicapite | [KNa2Mg2(H2O)25][H2PV5+12O40(V5+O)2] |
| 8.FD.10 | Morrisonite | Ca11(As3+V4+2V5+10As5+6O51)2 · 78H2O |
| 8.FD.10 | Lumsdenite | NaCa3Mg2(As3+V4+2V5+10As5+6O51) · 45H2O |
| 8.FD.10 | Gatewayite | Ca6(As3+V4+3 V5+9As5+6O51) · 31H2O |
| 8.FD.10 | Kegginite | Pb3Ca3[AsV12O40(VO)] · 20H2O |
| 8.FD.15 | Chinchorroite | Na2Mg5(As2O7)2(AsO3OH)2(H2O)10 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
The evolution of Cu-V minerals during in situ heating is as follows: volborthite Cu3(V2O7)(OH)2·2H2O (30–230 °C) → X-ray amorphous phase (230–290 °C )→ ziesite β-Cu2(V2O7) (290–430 °C) → ziesite + pseudolyonsite α-Cu3(VO4)2 + mcbirneyite β-Cu3(VO4)2 (430–510 °C) → mcbirneyite (510–750 °C).
Notes:
Soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Volborthite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4200.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Volborthite
Reference List:
Hillebrand, F. W. and Merwin, H. E. (1913) Two Varieties of Calciovolborthite (?) from Eastern Utah. American Journal of Science 35, 441-445.(on material called Calciovolborthite = Tangeite)
Strunz, H. (1939) Mineralien der Descloizitgruppe. Konichalcit, Staszizit, Austinit, Duftit, Aräoxen, Volborthit, Pyrobelonit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 101 (1). 496-506 doi:10.1524/zkri.1939.101.1.496
Ismagilova, Rezeda M., Zhitova, Elena S., Krivovichev, Sergey V., Sergeeva, Anastasia V., Nuzhdaev, Anton A., Anikin, Leonid P., Krzhizhanovskaya, Mariya G., Nazarova, Maria A., Kupchinenko, Anastasia N., Zolotarev, Andrey A., Kutyrev, Anton V., Bukhanova, Daria S., Kuznetsov, Ruslan A., Khanin, Dmitry A. (2021) Phase Evolution from Volborthite, Cu3(V2O7)(OH)2·2H2O, upon Heat Treatment. Minerals, 11 (12) 1312 doi:10.3390/min11121312
Localities for Volborthite
Showing 197 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Millmam (1960) |
Argentina | |
| Friz |
| Rainoldi et al. (2024) | |
| PONS |
Australia | |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Ben Grguric collection |
| Brown (1908) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Noble |
| Zahn Gotch collection | |
| |
| Ben Grguric | |
| |
| Personal Collection of Mark Willoughby |
Austria | |
| Brandstätter et al. (2011) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Christian Auer (2014) |
Belgium | |
| Blondieau et al. (2017) |
Canada | |
| Jambor (1960) +1 other reference |
| Jambor (1960) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| www.minservice.com (n.d.) | |
| Sullivan (1978) |
China | |
| boyuan zhang Collection +1 other reference |
| boyuan zhang Collection |
| boyuan zhang Collection | |
Czech Republic | |
| Kohout et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| J.Hyrsl (1992) | |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
| Johan et al. (1987) |
| |
DR Congo | |
| Gauthier et al. (1989) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (2018) |
| Deliens (1989) +1 other reference | |
France | |
| Guichon et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Markl (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2000) |
| Walenta (1998) |
| Gröbner (2007) |
| Grundler et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Rahm (2014) |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (n.d.) | |
| Weiß et al. (1999) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Leu (2017) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hentschel (1983) | |
| Lapis (5) |
| Markl (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Blass et al. (1996) |
| Jürgen Greiner collection (EDS-analysed by U. Kolitsch) |
| in the collection Ch.&H. Schäfer |
| Hentschel | |
| Blaß et al. (1994) |
| Hohn et al. (2015) |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Rüger (1995) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| 42. +2 other references |
Hungary | |
| |
India | |
| Jewel Tunnel pentagonite specimens |
Italy | |
| Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Scacchi (1879) +1 other reference |
| Scacchi (1879) +7 other references | |
| Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference | |
| Redazionale (2005) |
| M.E. Ciriotti (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) |
| Pipino (1984) | |
| Camarda et al. (2013) | |
| Basso et al. (1988) +3 other references |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Castellaro et al. (2011) |
| Bracco et al. (2014) |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.16 |
| Bonifazi (2021) |
| Biagioni (2009) |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Orlandi (2004) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Matteo Chinellato collection |
| Brizzi (1986) +4 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (2000) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Matsubara et al. (1990) |
| PXRD by John Attard +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Karpenko et al. (2004) |
| Pautov L.A. |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Fabre (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Namibia | |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Jean-Pierre specimens photo ID 1182191 ... |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) |
| Schneider G. 1894: Die Minerale des ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| Nunes (n.d.) |
Russia | |
| Pekov et al. (2022) |
| Shchipalkina et al. (2020) +2 other references | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Joan Rosell | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Dana 6:839. |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
| Zhitova et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Grecula (1995) |
| lení Národního muzea v Praze +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Joan Rosell (PLA1 ?) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| EDXS analyses by P. Roth +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Green et al. (2008) |
| Green et al. (2008) |
| from XRD and EPMA results - B. Smith +1 other reference |
| Peter Lord collection +1 other reference |
| Hubbard et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| King et al. (1971) +2 other references |
| King et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
| Specimen L1436 in the Leicester ... +2 other references |
USA | |
| [var: Barium-bearing Volborthite] Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Scarborough (1981) +1 other reference |
| Chenoweth (1991) |
| Testing at University of Arizona. Most ... +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Witkind (1963) +1 other reference |
| Holland et al. (1958) +2 other references | |
| Adams (2003) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Beroni +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:5 pp358-359 |
| Travis Olds collection +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Carlson et al. (2014) |
| Samuel Anderson Collection |
| Frank Karasti |
| Michigan tech. +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Micro Probe Vol. 10 No. 6 |
| Barton et al. (2018) | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 312 +1 other reference |
| SEM EDAX verified by Excalibur ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Collection of Alex Earl |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references | |
| Schempp et al. (1931) +17 other references |
| Ege (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (2006) |
Quick NavTopAbout VolborthiteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPronunciation Physical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesVarietiesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Milpillas Mine, Milpillas, Santa Cruz Municipality, Sonora, Mexico