Native Platinum
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Jolyon Ralph
About Native Platinum
Formula:
Pt
Colour:
Steel grey to dark grey
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
14 - 19
Crystal System:
Isometric
Name:
From Spanish "platina", diminutive of "plata", silver. The new metal found in large placer deposits during the sixteenth-century Spanish conquest of South America was called "platina del Pinto" after the Rio Pinto, Colombia.
Type Locality:
Palladium-Platinum Series.
Note that true native platinum in the mineralogical species sense is a rather rare mineral, and most of the specimens so labelled are in fact isoferroplatinum or intimate mixtures of isoferroplatinum and tetraferroplatinum.
Note that true native platinum in the mineralogical species sense is a rather rare mineral, and most of the specimens so labelled are in fact isoferroplatinum or intimate mixtures of isoferroplatinum and tetraferroplatinum.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3236
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3236:6
IMA Classification of Native Platinum
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Native Platinum
1.AF.10
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
F : Platinum group elements
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
F : Platinum group elements
Dana 7th ed.:
1.2.1.1
1.2.1.1
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
2 : Platinum Group Metals and Alloys
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
2 : Platinum Group Metals and Alloys
1.82
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Pt | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Pt | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Native Platinum
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Steel grey to dark grey
Streak:
Steel grey to dark grey
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=279 - 339 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Malleable
Fracture:
Hackly
Density:
14 - 19 g/cm3 (Measured) 21.472 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Native Platinum
Type:
Isotropic
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) |
|---|---|
| 400nm | 60.5% |
| 440nm | 63.8% |
| 480nm | 66.3% |
| 520nm | 68.6% |
| 560nm | 70.2% |
| 600nm | 71.2% |
| 640nm | 71.8% |
| 680nm | 72.4% |
| 700nm | 72.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 72.8%.
Colour in reflected light:
white
Chemistry of Native Platinum
Mindat Formula:
Pt
Element Weights:
| Element | % weight |
|---|---|
| Pt | 100.000 % |
Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ir,Os,Rh,Pd,Au,Cu
Crystallography of Native Platinum
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fm3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.9231 Å
Unit Cell V:
60.38 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Twinning:
On {111}
Comment:
Cubic crystals
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0015131 | Native Platinum | Davey W P (1925) Lattice constants of twelve common metals Physical Review 25 753-761 | 1925 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014947 | Native Platinum | Owen E A, Yates E L (1933) Precision measurements of crystal parameters Philosophical Magazine 15 472-488 | 1933 | synthetic | 0 | 291 | |
| 0011157 | Native Platinum | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Cubic closest packed, ccp, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0017998 | Native Platinum | Bredig G, Allolio R (1927) Roentgenuntersuchungen an katalytisch wirkenden Metallen _cod_database_code 1011103 Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie 126 41-71 | 1927 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0018002 | Native Platinum | Barth T, Lunde G (1926) Die Gitterkonstanten des Platinmetalle, Silber und Gold _cod_database_code 1011107 Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie 121 78-102 | 1926 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0018008 | Native Platinum | Davey W (1925) Precission measurements of the lattices of 12 simple metals _cod_database_code 1011113 Physical Review 25 753-761 | 1925 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0018009 | Native Platinum | Uspenski N, Konobejewski S (1923) Beugung der Roentgenstrahlen in mikrokrystallinen Strukturen _cod_database_code 1011114 Zeitschrift fur Physik 16 215-227 | 1923 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0018006 | Native Platinum | Kahler H (1921) The crystalline structures of sputtered and evaporated metallic films _cod_database_code 1011111 Physical Review 18 210-217 | 1921 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0018004 | Native Platinum | Hull A (1921) Crystal structures of common elements _cod_database_code 1011109 Physical Review 17 571-587 | 1921 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.265 Å | (100) |
| 1.9616 Å | (53) |
| 1.1826 Å | (33) |
| 1.3873 Å | (31) |
| 0.8008 Å | (29) |
| 0.9000 Å | (22) |
| 0.8773 Å | (20) |
Comments:
Synthetic
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| 37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 38 : Ophiolites |
Geological Setting:
Mafic and ultramafic rocks.
Type Occurrence of Native Platinum
Synonyms of Native Platinum
Other Language Names for Native Platinum
Albanian:Platini
Arabic:بلاتين
Armenian:Պլատին
Basque:Platino
Belarusian:Плаціна
Bengali:প্লাটিনাম
Bosnian:Platina
Bulgarian:Платина
Catalan:Platí
Chuvash:Платина
Corsican:Platinu
Croatian:Platina
Czech:Platina
Danish:Platin
Dutch:Platina
Erzya:Ашо сырне
Esperanto:Plateno
Estonian:Plaatina
Farsi/Persian:پلاتین
Finnish:Platina
French:Platine
Friulian:Platin
Galician:Platino
Georgian:პლატინა
German:Platin
Gediegen Platin
Gediegen Platin
Greek:Λευκόχρυσος
Haitian:Platin
Hebrew:פלטינה
Hungarian:Platina
Icelandic:Platína
Ido:Platino
Indonesian:Platina
Interlingua:Platino
Italian:Platino
Korean:백금
Kurdish (Latin Script):Platîn
Latin:Native Platinum
Latvian:Platīns
Lithuanian:Platina
Lojban:Jinmrplati
Low Saxon/Low German:Platin
Luxembourgish:Platin
Macedonian:Платина
Malayalam:പ്ലാറ്റിനം
Manx:Native Platinum
Norwegian:Platina
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Platina
Occitan:Platin
Polish:Platyna
Portuguese:Platina
Quechua:Qullqiya
Romanian:Platină
Russian:Платина
Serbian:Платина
Serbo-Croatian:Platina
Sicilian:Plàtinu
Simplified Chinese:自然铂
Slovak:Platina
Slovenian:Platina
Spanish:Platino
Swahili:Platini
Swedish:Platina
Tajik (Cyrillic Script):Платина
Tamil:பிளாட்டினம்
Thai:แพลทินัม
Traditional Chinese:自然白金
Turkish:Platin
Ukrainian:Платина
Vietnamese:Bạch kim
Welsh:Platinwm
Varieties of Native Platinum
| Avaite | An Platinum-Iridium alloy with a Pt:Ir ratio of about 2:1. Originally reported from Kani, Chindwin river, Innwa (Ava; Ratanapura), Mandalay Division, Myanmar (Burma). |
| Palladium-bearing Platinum | A variety of usually iron-free Platinum enriched with Palladium up to 20 and more mas.%. |
| Polyxene | Disordered Fe-Pt alloys with a primitive cubic unit cell. It may to contain Fe in the range 10-50 at.%. Ferroan platinum differs from Isoferroplatinum and Tetraferroplatinum by the symmetry of its unit cell. Described by Hausman in 1813 from Colombia. |
| Rhodic Platinum | A rhodian Platinum with 4.6% Rh. |
Relationship of Native Platinum to other Species
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 16 photos of Native Platinum associated with Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 11 photos of Native Platinum associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 10 photos of Native Platinum associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| 8 photos of Native Platinum associated with Native Gold | Au |
| 8 photos of Native Platinum associated with Native Palladium | (Pd,Pt) |
| 7 photos of Native Platinum associated with Potarite | PdHg |
| 6 photos of Native Platinum associated with Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| 5 photos of Native Platinum associated with Isoferroplatinum | Pt3Fe |
| 4 photos of Native Platinum associated with 'Dunite' | |
| 4 photos of Native Platinum associated with Native Osmium | (Os,Ir,Ru) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 1.AF.05 | Rutheniridosmine | (Ir,Os,Ru) |
| 1.AF.05 | Native Ruthenium | (Ru,Ir) |
| 1.AF.05 | Native Osmium | (Os,Ir,Ru) |
| 1.AF.10 | Native Rhodium | (Rh,Pt) |
| 1.AF.10 | Native Palladium | (Pd,Pt) |
| 1.AF.10 | Native Iridium | (Ir,Os,Ru) |
Other Information
Notes:
Non-magnetic to distinctly magnetic when rich in iron.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Catalysts, jewelry
Internet Links for Native Platinum
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3236.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Native Platinum
Reference List:
Harris, D. C., Cabri, L. J. (1991) Nomenclature of platinum-group-element alloys: review and revision. The Canadian Mineralogist, 29 (2) 231-237
Fleet, M. E.; De Almeida, C. M.; Angeli, N. (2002) Botryoidal platinum, palladium and potarite from the Bom Sucesso stream, Minas Gerais, Brazil: compositional zoning and origin. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40 (2). 341-355 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.40.2.341
Bindi, L., Zaccarini, F., Garuti, G., Angeli, N. (2013) The solid solution between platinum and palladium in nature. Mineralogical Magazine, 77 (3) 269-274 doi:10.1180/minmag.2013.077.3.04
Reith, Frank, Zammit, Carla M., Shar, Sahar S., Etschmann, Barbara, Bottrill, Ralph, Southam, Gordon, Ta, Christine, Kilburn, Matthew, Oberthür, Thomas, Ball, Andrew S., Brugger, Joël (2016) Biological role in the transformation of platinum-group mineral grains. Nature Geoscience, 9 (4) 294-298 doi:10.1038/ngeo2679
Localities for Native Platinum
Showing 636 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| 12 (12) +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| Angelelli et al. (1983) |
| Angelelli et al. (1983) | |
| Proenza et al. (2008) |
| Proenza et al. (2008) |
| Rudashevsky et al. (2018) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
Australia | |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
| G.A. Albertson Data |
| Dana's System of Mineralogy |
| Carlo Tortorella | |
| Dana's System of Mineralogy | |
| Krister (krister_w@hotmail.com) |
| Bowman et al. (1979) | |
| Card (1902) +1 other reference | |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets |
| Bowman et al. (1979) | |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets | |
| Bowman et al. (1979) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| G. A. Albertson Data |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| G. A. Albertson Data |
| Carlo Tortorella | |
| Carlo Tortorella | |
| Stevens (1972) |
| |
| Stevens et al. (2003) | |
| G. A. Albertson Data | |
| Stevens et al. (2003) | |
| Carlo Tortorella +5 other references |
| Crohn (1968) | |
| Cranfield et al. (1997) |
| Cranfield et al. (1997) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| G. A. Albertson Data |
| G. A. Albertson Data +1 other reference | |
| Barnes (1993) |
| Butt et al. (2003) |
Austria | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Bojar +1 other reference |
| Melcher+Mali (1998) |
| Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Menez +1 other reference |
| Marchetto (1990) |
| Kwitko et al. (2002) |
| Cornejo et al. (2009) | |
| [var: Palladium-bearing Platinum] Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 341-355. +3 other references |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40 |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) | |
| Cabral et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
Bulgaria | |
| Цинцов (1998) |
| Atanasov (1990) |
| Kunov |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
Canada | |
| Alberta Geological Survey et al. (2007) |
| BC Government Mining Report - 1918 +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Thompson (1954) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| cgi.ebay.com.au (n.d.) |
| Cabri et al. (1973) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| [var: Polyxene] USGS Professional Paper 630 +3 other references | |
| Edwards (1990) |
| Nova Scotia Mineral Occurrence Database ... |
| Moorhouse W. W. (1942) |
| McDonald et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| J.J. O'Neill and H.C. Gunning et al. (Pg. 55) |
| Traill (1983) | |
| Traill (1983) | |
| Fedortchouk et al. (2010) |
| Barkov et al. (2002) | |
China | |
| Enhuan Jia (1986) +3 other references |
| Bilun Luo (1979) +2 other references |
| Zuxiang Yu (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Keqiao Chen et al. (1981) |
| Yu et al. (2009) |
| Yu Zuxiang (1985) | |
| Yu Zuxiang et al. (1974) |
| Yu Zuxiang (1995) | |
| Zuxiang (1981) |
| Yu Zuxiang et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| Khanchuk et al. (2017, March) |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Chen Lichang et al. (1994) |
| Chen Keqiao et al. (1981) |
| Xiaoqiang Hu et al. (2001) |
| XU et al. (2015) | |
| Yao et al. (2003) |
| |
| |
| Yao et al. (2003) |
| Guofan Liu et al. (2005) |
| Jianxun Bai (1987) |
| Minqing Cheng et al. (1993) |
| Shen (n.d.) |
| Min Liu (2002) +1 other reference |
| [var: Avaite] Yuan Li (1998) |
Colombia | |
| USGS Professional Paper 630 |
| Clark et al. (1985) | |
| Mitchell (1923) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Malec J |
| Mineralogy and geology prospecting |
DR Congo | |
| Gauthier et al. (1989) |
| ... |
| Jedwab et al. (1992) |
East Timor | |
Ecuador | |
| Barron et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Weiser et al. (1993) |
Egypt | |
| El Aref et al. (2020) |
Ethiopia | |
| Zelenski et al. (2013) |
| Ottemann et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
| [var: Polyxene] Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2014) | |
Finland | |
| Törnroos et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Kari Kojonen (2012) |
| Tuisku (2010) | |
| Cabri et al. (2022) |
| Andersen et al. (2006) |
| Gervilla et al. (2005) |
France | |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
| Ducluzaux (2018) |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
| Lorand et al. (2018) |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
| Ducluzaux (2021) |
| Lacroix (1897) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) | |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
| Ducluzaux (2018) +1 other reference |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
Germany | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Oberthür et al. (2016) |
| Junge et al. (2023) |
Greece | |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck analyses (see also http://lavrion.gr/Minerals/Updates.html) |
Guinea | |
| [var: Palladium-bearing Platinum] Pavel Kartashov. |
Honduras | |
| Mattioli et al. (2014) |
| Bersani et al. (2009) | |
India | |
| Raju et al. (2022) |
Indonesia | |
| Hattori et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Stumpfl et al. (1974) +1 other reference | |
| www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in (n.d.) | |
Ireland | |
| Henwood (1871) +2 other references |
Italy | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
Japan | |
| |
| NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) |
| NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) |
| NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) | |
| NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) |
| NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Ваулин (2016) |
| Ваулин (2016) | |
| Stepanets et al. (2018) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
Mexico | |
| Zaccarini +2 other references |
| 2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting (18-21 October 2009) |
Mongolia | |
| Robin Grayson & Baatar Tumenbayar (2005) |
Myanmar | |
| thediggings.com (n.d.) |
| [var: Avaite] Clark (1993) |
| - (n.d.) |
New Zealand | |
| OREPUKI SHALE AND MINERALS Otago Daily ... |
| Christie et al. (1994) |
| Christie et al. (1994) |
| Christie et al. (1994) |
| Fraser (1910) |
| Pond (1882) +1 other reference | |
| Farquharson (1910) |
Niger | |
| Machens (1964) |
Norway | |
| Bjørlykke (1966) +1 other reference |
| Dahl (1891) +1 other reference |
| Pedersen et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Astakhova (2008, October) | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Johan et al. (2000) |
| Alexander Godovicove |
| Davies |
| www.minport.com (n.d.) | |
| [AmMin 85:1325] |
Philippines | |
| South-East Asian Oil |
| Huang (2011) |
| Oberthür et al. (2017) |
Poland | |
| Sachanbiński et al. (2000) |
Portugal | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
Romania | |
| Udubaşa G. et al. (2004) |
Russia | |
| Nesterenko +4 other references |
| Rozhdestvina et al. (2010) |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2022) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Polyxene] Stepanov et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| [var: Polyxene] Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2018 |
| Ariskin et al. (2017) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2018) | |
| E.V. et al. (2025) |
| Zaykov et al. (2017) |
| Zaykov et al. (2017) | |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Razin et al. (1989) |
| [AmMin 85:1325] +1 other reference |
| Rudashevskiy et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Keren Tan (1998) +2 other references |
| Nevstruev et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Tolstykh et al. (2000) |
| Palyanova et al. (2023) |
| [var: Rhodic Platinum] Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +4 other references |
| Tolstykh et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Tolstykh et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Tolstykh et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Kutyrev et al. (2018) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Zelenski et al. (2020) |
| Подлипский et al. (1999) |
| Sidorov et al. (2004) | |
| Tolstykh et al. (2009) |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2022) |
| Nesterenko et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Moore (1993) +3 other references |
| Lavrik et al. (2020) |
| ... | |
| Malitch K.N. et al. (2001) |
| Sazonov et al. (2024) |
| Groshev +6 other references |
| Groshev +6 other references | |
| Sorokhtina et al. (2021) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| Ханчук А.И. et al. (Приморье) |
| Shcheka et al. (2004) |
| [var: Palladium-bearing Platinum] V.V. Seredin data |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2005) |
| Grishaenko et al. (2007) | |
| Strelnikov et al. (2026) |
| Коневин et al. (2020) |
| Okrugin (1998) |
| [var: Polyxene] Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) +1 other reference | |
| Kochetkov. A. Ya. (2006) | |
| Airiyants et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Geological Society of America Abstracts ... +1 other reference | |
| [var: Rhodic Platinum] Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Shen (n.d.) |
| [var: Polyxene] Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
| Stepanov et al. (2023) |
| Stepanov et al. (2019) | |
| [var: Polyxene] Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2018 |
| Douparc et al. (1920) | |
| Mineralogy of Ural. Native elements et al. (in Rus.) +2 other references | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Stepanov et al. (2019) | |
| Stepanov et al. (2019) | |
| Krause et al. (2007) |
| Zaccarini et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Stepanov et al. (2017) | |
| E.V. et al. (2025) |
| Murzin et al. (2009) | |
| Wilson (1980) +1 other reference | |
Serbia | |
| Krstic et al. (1997) |
Sierra Leone | |
| Bowles (1986) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (1993) |
South Africa | |
| ... +1 other reference | |
| Smith et al. (2021) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Northam Platinum | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Kottke-Levin (2011) | |
| Melcher et al. (2005) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Anglo American plc | |
| Cabri et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Anglo American plc | |
| www.fc.up.pt/geo/ecrofi/377.PDF. +3 other references |
| Ramakoloi N (2014) |
| Anglo American plc | |
| Ramdohr (1969) | |
| Wilson (2010) | |
| Anglo American plc |
| PMPB Meulenbeld collection Photo ID: ... |
| www.sylvaniaplatinum.com (2014) |
| de Grys et al. (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Sedibelo Platinum Mines Ltd |
| www.platmin.com (2012) | |
| www.platmin.com (2012) | |
| www.platmin.com (2012) | |
| Aquarius Platinum |
| Department Mineral Resources and Energy Republic Of South Africa (2026) |
| Sibanye Stillwater |
| www.wesizwe.com (2013) |
| Mining Annual Review (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Sibanye Stillwater |
| Sibanye Stillwater | |
| Department Mineral Resources and Energy Republic Of South Africa (2026) |
| Anglo American plc | |
| Department Mineral Resources and Energy Republic Of South Africa (2026) |
| Department Mineral Resources and Energy Republic Of South Africa (2026) | |
| www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) |
| Department Mineral Resources and Energy Republic Of South Africa (2026) |
| Department Mineral Resources and Energy Republic Of South Africa (2026) |
| Department Mineral Resources and Energy Republic Of South Africa (2026) |
| Andreoli et al. (1997) +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Gervilla Linares F (1990) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Joaquim Mollfulleda |
Tanzania | |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) |
| Evans et al. (2012) |
Turkey | |
| N. Jb. Mineral. 185 (2009) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Power et al. (2000) |
| Power et al. (2004) |
| Power et al. (2000) |
Ukraine | |
| Gurov et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| [var: Polyxene] ... | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Desborough et al. (1984) | |
| Snetsinger (1973) +1 other reference | |
| ardf.wr.usgs.gov (2023) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Private Collection | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| USGS OFR 98-287 (Freeman,1998) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Alaska Geological Survey Public-data F ... +1 other reference |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| USGS MRDS database file #10038174 +2 other references |
| Galbraith (1947) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Guild (1910) +3 other references |
| Guild (1910) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Clark (1970) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1944) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Logan (1919) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references | |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Logan (1919) +1 other reference | |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references | |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Logan (1919) +3 other references |
| Pacific Southwest Field Committee (PSFC) +1 other reference |
| Richthofen (1865) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1919) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references | |
| Logan (1919) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1919) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1919) +3 other references |
| Hanks (1870) +1 other reference | |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references | |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Logan (1919) +3 other references |
| Logan (1919) +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Laizure (1928) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Min Mag (1997) |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Sjoberg et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Genth (1852) +2 other references |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Crawford (1894) +1 other reference |
| Edman (1898) +1 other reference | |
| Edman (1898) |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Edman (1898) +3 other references | |
| Sjoberg et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Logan (1919) +4 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Sjoberg et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Clark (1970) |
| Averill (1938) +2 other references |
| Averill (1946) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| - (2005) +2 other references |
| Sjoberg et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| California Division of Mines Bulletin ... |
| Logan (1919) |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Clark (1970b) |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Sjoberg et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Sjoberg et al. (1980) +2 other references | |
| Logan (1919) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1919) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Pemberton (1983) | |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Bixby (1895) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| O’Brien (1965) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +2 other references |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Sjoberg et al. (1980) +2 other references | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Genth (1852) +2 other references |
| Logan (1919) +2 other references |
| Sjoberg et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Cabri et al. (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| USGS PP 162] +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| USGS PP 162] +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| USGS PP 162] +1 other reference | |
| Collier (1881) |
| Parnell (1988) |
| Genth et al. (1881) |
| Edwin H.Bentzen III (1971) |
| Mineral Commodity Files | |
| Ransom (1974) | |
| Mineral Commodity Files | |
| Genth (1891) | |
| Genth (1891) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (1943) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (1952) |
| - (1952) |
| - (1952) |
| - (1952) |
| - (1952) |
| - (1952) |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:131. |
| - (2005) |
| Smith and Barnes (2011) |
| Murphy (1979) | |
| Bindi et al. (2025) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Perkins et al. (1904) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
| Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| - (2005) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| - (2005) | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) |
| wgnhs.uwex.edu (n.d.) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Liu et al. (2014) |
| Oberthür et al. (2013) |
| Oberthür et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals (1955) |
| Oberthür et al. (2013) |
| Oberthür et al. (2013) |
The Moon | |
| Gornostaeva et al. (2012) |
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