Lanarkite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Lanarkite
Formula:
Pb2(SO4)O
Colour:
Greenish white, greyish-white, more rarely pale-yellow, colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Adamantine, Resinous, Pearly
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
6.92
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1832 for the type locality, the Susanna Mine, Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
White to greyish-white or greenish-white prismatic crystals, often in clusters or sprays, usually tiny to microscopic.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2316
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2316:6
IMA Classification of Lanarkite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+2O(S6+O4)
Classification of Lanarkite
7.BD.40
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
Dana 7th ed.:
30.2.1.1
30.2.1.1
30 : ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
30 : ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
25.7.4
25 : Sulphates
7 : Sulphates of Pb
25 : Sulphates
7 : Sulphates of Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Lan | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Lan | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Lanarkite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Lanarkite
Adamantine, Resinous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Cleavage surfaces pearly.
Colour:
Greenish white, greyish-white, more rarely pale-yellow, colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {201}, imperfect on {402} and {201}; also on {010}.
Perfect on {201}, imperfect on {402} and {201}; also on {010}.
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
6.92 g/cm3 (Measured) 7 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Lanarkite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.928(3) nβ = 2.007(3) nγ = 2.036(3)
2V:
Measured: 60° (2)
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.108
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Chemistry of Lanarkite
Mindat Formula:
Pb2(SO4)O
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Lanarkite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.769 Å, b = 5.698 Å, c = 7.079 Å
β = 115.79°
β = 115.79°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.416 : 1 : 1.242
Unit Cell V:
500.07 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals prismatic, elongated parallel to [010], typically microscopic and in clusters or sprays; massive.
Twinning:
Polysynthetic in zone [010], but rare.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010717 | Lanarkite | Sahl K (1970) Zur kristallstruktur von lanarkit, Pb2O(SO4) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 132 99-117 |  | 1970 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.37 Å | (20) |
| 4.43 Å | (20) |
| 3.34 Å | (100) |
| 2.963 Å | (80) |
| 2.958 Å | (20) |
| 2.87 Å | (20) |
| 2.85 Å | (40) |
| 2.05 Å | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Geological Setting:
A secondary mineral of lead deposits, typically formed by the alteration of galena or other secondary minerals formed from galena.
Type Occurrence of Lanarkite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Lanarkite
Other Language Names for Lanarkite
Varieties of Lanarkite
| Chrom-Lanarkite | A possible variety of Lanarkite |
| Chromatian Lanarkite | A variety of Lanarkite containing Chromate. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 40 photos of Lanarkite associated with Leadhillite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 25 photos of Lanarkite associated with Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| 18 photos of Lanarkite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 16 photos of Lanarkite associated with Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| 15 photos of Lanarkite associated with Mattheddleite | Pb5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(Cl,OH) |
| 12 photos of Lanarkite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 12 photos of Lanarkite associated with Cassedanneite | Pb5(CrO4)2(VO4)2 · H2O |
| 8 photos of Lanarkite associated with Susannite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7 photos of Lanarkite associated with Chenite | Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 5 photos of Lanarkite associated with Elyite | Pb4Cu(SO4)O2(OH)4 · H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BD. | Hasanovite | KNa(MoO2)(SO4)2 |
| 7.BD. | Kennygayite | [Pb4O2(OH)2](SO4) |
| 7.BD. | Adanite | Pb2(Te4+O3)(SO4) |
| 7.BD. | Cadsulfohite | Cd2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BD. | Hyblerite | Pb4Bi2(SO4)2(CO3)O4 |
| 7.BD. | Zanelliite | PbCu9[AsO3.5(OH)0.5]2(AsO4)2(OH)9(H2O)3 |
| 7.BD. | Evanichite | Pb6Cr3+(Cr6+O4)2(SO4)(OH)7FCl |
| 7.BD.05 | Sulphohalite | Na6(SO4)2FCl |
| 7.BD.10 | Galeite | Na15(SO4)5F4Cl |
| 7.BD.10 | Schairerite | Na21(SO4)7ClF6 |
| 7.BD.15 | Kogarkoite | Na3(SO4)F |
| 7.BD.20 | Aiolosite | Na4Bi(SO4)3Cl |
| 7.BD.20 | Caracolite | Na3Pb2(SO4)3Cl |
| 7.BD.20 | Cesanite | Na3Ca2(SO4)3(OH) |
| 7.BD.25 | Burkeite | Na6(CO3)(SO4)2 |
| 7.BD.30 | Hanksite | Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl |
| 7.BD.35 | Cannonite | Bi2(SO4)O(OH)2 |
| 7.BD.45 | Grandreefite | Pb2(SO4)F2 |
| 7.BD.50 | Itoite | Pb3Ge4+(SO4)2O2(OH)2 |
| 7.BD.55 | Chiluite | Bi3Te6+Mo6+O10.5 |
| 7.BD.60 | Hectorfloresite | Na9(SO4)4(IO3) |
| 7.BD.65 | Pseudograndreefite | Pb6(SO4)F10 |
| 7.BD.70 | Sundiusite | Pb10(SO4)O8Cl2 |
Fluorescence of Lanarkite
Yellow (LW UV; X-rays).
Other Information
Notes:
Alters to cerussite, leadhillite, and anglesite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Lanarkite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2316.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Lanarkite
Reference List:
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. p.366
Goldschmidt, Victor (1890) Index der Krystallformen der Mineralien Vol. 2. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-25553-7 p.281
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies Vol. 4. Library Polytechnique, Paris. p.146
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.97
Richmond, W. E., Wolfe, C. W. (1938) Crystallography of lanarkite. American Mineralogist, 23 (11) 799-804
Sahl, Kurt (1970) Zur Kristallstruktur von Lanarkit, Pb2O(SO4) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 132 (1) 99-117 doi:10.1524/zkri.1970.132.1-6.99
Kuzel, H.-J. (1973) Hydrothermalsynthese basischer Bleisulfate [Hydrothermal synthesis of basic lead-sulphates]. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 1973 (3). 110-116 doi:10.1127/njmm/1973/1973/110
Localities for Lanarkite
Showing 134 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Leverett et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Worner et al. (1982) |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Pichler (2003) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Isser (1881) |
| Isser (1881) +1 other reference |
Belgium | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| |
Chile | |
| Dana 6:A2:10 +3 other references |
Czech Republic | |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
France | |
| Several AFM members collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Chollet et al. (2013) |
| P. Le Roch collection |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2003) |
| Leconte J. et al. (2016) |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Patrice Queneau Collection visual identification. Confirmed. Analyzed by Nicolas Meisser (Naturéum) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schlomann et al. (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (1986) |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Stieglitz et al. (1989) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Graf (1991) |
| Graf (1991) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +2 other references |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection. Identified by ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Knoll (2004) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Knoll (2004) | |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1981) | |
| |
Italy | |
| Maida (2002) |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Ko Jansen +1 other reference | |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) |
| Cerutti et al. (1995) |
| Boscardin et al. (2014) |
Namibia | |
| Brandstätter +4 other references |
| Desor (01/2021) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Hansen et al. (2019) |
Russia | |
| ... |
| Voloshin A.V. et al. (1986) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2007) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (1993) |
South Africa | |
| Fuchs et al. (2017) |
| Fuchs et al. (2017) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Wight (2002) | |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| Gunnar Färber sales list April 2014 |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
Sweden | |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
UK | |
| BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html) |
| Sparrow (1989) +1 other reference |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Norman Wilson personal collection | |
| Neall et al. (2009) |
| - (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +7 other references |
| Hartley (1984) +4 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1988) +3 other references | |
| Hartley (1984) +2 other references | |
| Pluth et al. (2005) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Tarmac |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Green (1987) +2 other references | |
| Steve Rust collection | |
| S. Rust collection. | |
| |
| Ex-S Rust collection | |
| Ex-S Rust collection | |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| Davies (1877) +1 other reference |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| Day (1999) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Brooke (1820) +1 other reference | |
| Ex-S Rust collection |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| S.Rust Collection |
| S. Rust collection |
| Green et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Rob Bowell |
| Crowley (1980) +1 other reference |
| Raman analyzed at the University of ... +1 other reference |
| Analyzed at the University of Western ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| A. Kampf or C. Emproto PXRD and/EDS ... |
| Rocks & Min. | |
| Bullock (1981) |
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Redmond Mine, Waterville Lake, Haywood County, North Carolina, USA