Labradorite
A variety of Anorthite
This page kindly sponsored by Leslie Almberg
About Labradorite
Formula:
(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Albite : anorthite molar ratio ranges from 30 : 70 to 50 : 50.
Colour:
Pale green, blue, colourless, grey-white
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous
Hardness:
6 - 6½
Name:
From the occurrence at Ford Harbour, Paul Island, Labrador, Canada (Nain anorthosite).
First Recorded Locality:
A plagioclase feldspar with an albite : anorthite molar ratio ranging from 30 : 70 to 50 : 50.
An intermediate member of the Albite-Anorthite Series.
Labradorite can display an iridescent optical effect (or schiller) known as labradorescence.
The cause of this optical phenomenon is lamellar structure caused by an exsolution process due to a miscibility gap. The effect is visible when the lamellar separation is between 128 and 252 nm. The lamellae are not necessarily parallel, and the lamellar structure is found to lack long range order (Bolton et al.,1966). Results of a modern electron diffraction study were published by Götz et al. (2022).
The lamellar separation only occurs in plagioclases of a certain composition, in particular, those of calcic labradorite and bytownite (anorthite content of ~60 to 90%). Another requirement for the lamellar separation is very slow cooling of the rock that contains the plagioclase. Slow cooling is required to allow the Ca, Na, Si, and Al ions to diffuse through the plagioclase and produce the lamellar separation. Thus, not all labradorites exhibit labradorescence (they might not have the correct composition and/or they cooled too quickly). Also, not all plagioclases that exhibit labradorescence are labradorites (they may be bytownite).
Originally found at Ford Harbour, Paul Island, near Nain, off the east coast of Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador [56° 30' N, 61° 30' W].
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Labradorite.
An intermediate member of the Albite-Anorthite Series.
Labradorite can display an iridescent optical effect (or schiller) known as labradorescence.
The cause of this optical phenomenon is lamellar structure caused by an exsolution process due to a miscibility gap. The effect is visible when the lamellar separation is between 128 and 252 nm. The lamellae are not necessarily parallel, and the lamellar structure is found to lack long range order (Bolton et al.,1966). Results of a modern electron diffraction study were published by Götz et al. (2022).
The lamellar separation only occurs in plagioclases of a certain composition, in particular, those of calcic labradorite and bytownite (anorthite content of ~60 to 90%). Another requirement for the lamellar separation is very slow cooling of the rock that contains the plagioclase. Slow cooling is required to allow the Ca, Na, Si, and Al ions to diffuse through the plagioclase and produce the lamellar separation. Thus, not all labradorites exhibit labradorescence (they might not have the correct composition and/or they cooled too quickly). Also, not all plagioclases that exhibit labradorescence are labradorites (they may be bytownite).
Originally found at Ford Harbour, Paul Island, near Nain, off the east coast of Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador [56° 30' N, 61° 30' W].
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Labradorite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2308 (as Labradorite)
246 (as Anorthite)
246 (as Anorthite)
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2308:1 (as Labradorite)
mindat:1:1:246:6 (as Anorthite)
mindat:1:1:246:6 (as Anorthite)
Similar Names
| Alabradorite | A rock subtype |
| Labradorite (of Senft) | A rock subtype |
Physical Properties of Labradorite
Sub-Vitreous
Colour:
Pale green, blue, colourless, grey-white
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 - 6½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Optical Data of Labradorite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.554 - 1.563 nβ = 1.5588 - 1.5675 nγ = 1.562 - 1.573
2V:
Measured: 85° , Calculated: 78° to 86°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.008 - 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Low (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Labradorite
Mindat Formula:
(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Albite : anorthite molar ratio ranges from 30 : 70 to 50 : 50.
Albite : anorthite molar ratio ranges from 30 : 70 to 50 : 50.
Element Weights:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| SiO2 | 54.03 % |
| Al2O3 | 29.04 % |
| CaO | 11.93 % |
| Na2O | 4.80 % |
| Total: | 99.8 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | Na0.42 Ca0.58Al1.55Si2.44O8 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kovalo eclogites, Kechros, Arriana, Rhodope, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece | EMPA analysis of plagioclase from a retrogressed eclogite. |
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
First Recorded Occurrence of Labradorite
Synonyms of Labradorite
Other Language Names for Labradorite
Czech:Labradorit
Dutch:Labradoriet
Finnish:Labradoriitti
French:Labradorite
Hebrew:לברדוריט
Italian:Labradorite
Japanese:ラブラドル長石
Lithuanian:Labradoritas
Norwegian:Labrador
Polish:Labrador
Portuguese:Labradorite
Russian:Лабрадор
Slovak:Labradorit
Ukrainian:Лабрадор
Varieties of Labradorite
| Lynx Eye | Variety of labradorite with green iridescence. |
| Oregon Sunstone | Sunstone with inclusions of copper instead of hematite. Crystallographically oriented nanocrystals of protoenstatite and clinoenstatite in association with copper nanocrystals are responsible for the unusual green and “watermelon” coloration of the Or... |
| Spectrolite | A variety of labradorite (strictly, anorthite) showing strong labradorescence due to very fine exsolution of K-feldspar. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 9 photos of Labradorite associated with Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 8 photos of Labradorite associated with 'Hypersthene' | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| 7 photos of Labradorite associated with Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| 6 photos of Labradorite associated with 'Monzonite' | |
| 6 photos of Labradorite associated with Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(C2+4C3+)(AlSi7O22)W2 |
| 5 photos of Labradorite associated with Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| 4 photos of Labradorite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 4 photos of Labradorite associated with 'Apatite' | Ca5(PO4)3A |
| 4 photos of Labradorite associated with Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| 3 photos of Labradorite associated with Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Labradorite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Labradorite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2308.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Labradorite
Reference List:
Muir, I. D. (1955) Transitional optics of some andesines and labradorites. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 30 (228) 545-568 doi:10.1180/minmag.1955.030.228.01
Bolton, H. C., Bursill, L. A., McLaren, A. C., Turner, R. G. (1966) On the origin of the colour of labradorite. physica status solidi (b), 18 (1). 221-230 doi:10.1002/pssb.19660180123
Steurer, W.; Jagodzinski, H. (1988) The incommensurately modulated structure of an andesine (An38). Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 44 (4). p.344-351. doi:10.1107/s0108768188001806
Burandt, B., Komorek, M., Schnabel, B., Press, W., Boysen, H. (1992) High resolution X-ray investigations on the supersatellite reflections of Labradorite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 200 (1) 141-156 doi:10.1524/zkri.1992.200.1-2.141
Kalning, M.; Dorna, V.; Burandt, B.; Press, W.; Kek, S.; Boysen, H. (1997) High-Order Supersatellite Reflections in Labradorite. A Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, 53 (5). 632-642 doi:10.1107/s010876739700500x
Kalning, M.; Dorna, V.; Press, W.; Kek, S.; Boysen, H. (1997) Profile analysis of the supersatellite reflections in Labradorite – A synchrotron X-ray diffraction study. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 212 (8). p.545. doi:10.1524/zkri.1997.212.8.545
Boysen, Hans; Kek, Stefan (2014) The modulated structure of labradorite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 230 (1). 23-35 doi:10.1515/zkri-2014-1749
Jin, Shiyun, Xu, Huifang (2017) Study on structure variations of incommensurately modulated labradorite feldspars with different cooling histories. American Mineralogist, 102 (6) 1328-1339 doi:10.2138/am-2017-6003
Jin, Shiyun, Xu, Huifang, Wang, Xiaoping, Jacobs, Ryan, Morgan, Dane (2020) The incommensurately modulated structures of low-temperature labradorite feldspars: a single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction study. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 76 (1). 93-107 doi:10.1107/s2052520619017128
Localities for Labradorite
Showing 741 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Africa | |
| Marcelot et al. (1985) +4 other references | |
Algeria | |
| Lorand et al. (1987) |
| Lustrino et al. (2016) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Angola | |
| Lapido-Loureiro +1 other reference |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Antarctica | |
| Johnson et al. (1982) | |
| Harrington et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
| Kyle (1990) |
| Dewar (1970) |
| Horne et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
| Smellie et al. (1984, March) |
| Barton (1965) | |
| Craddock et al. (1964) | |
| LeMasurier et al. (1982) +3 other references |
Argentina | |
| Zappettini et al. (2014) |
| Musso et al. (2022) |
Armenia | |
| Bowell et al. (2021) |
Australia | |
| Stevens (1972) |
| Hodge-Smith (1924) |
| Chalmers (1941) |
| Chalmers (1941) | |
| Chalmers (1941) | |
| Crawford (1973) |
| Clark I. F. (1983) |
| Smith et al. (1988) |
| Graham et al. (2021) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Gulson et al. (1985) |
| Birch (1999) |
| Hudson et al. (1966) |
| Ralph S Bottrill Collection |
| Edwards et al. (1953) |
| Brugger et al. (2006) |
| Habibi et al. (2026) |
| Sutherland et al. (1967) |
| Taheri |
| Griffin (1982) | |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Shayan (1984) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Booth (1989) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1951) |
| Simpson |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
Austria | |
| Meixner (1981) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Fechner et al. (1985) |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Carswell et al. (1989) |
| Libowitzky et al. (2012) |
| Heritsch (1963) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Brazil | |
| Leandro et al. (2022) |
| Cordani (1970) +9 other references |
| doi.org/10.1007/BF00302491 +6 other references | |
| Santos (2012) |
| Jost et al. (2001) | |
| Engler et al. (2002) |
| Allan et al. (1989) | |
| Salgado et al. (2019) |
| Stama et al. (2026) |
| Smith et al. (1933) +9 other references |
| Pinto et al. (2011) |
Bulgaria | |
| Zartova et al. (2004) |
| Panayotova et al. (2025) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Domanik et al. (2004) |
Cameroon | |
| Wandji et al. (2010) |
Canada | |
| Imperial Metals Corp |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Gübelin et al. (1976) |
| 182. +3 other references | |
| Evans |
| Grice (1989) | |
| Dana et al. (1892) |
| Evans | |
| Grice (1989) | |
| Traill (1970) | |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Papezik et al. (1981) |
| Dakota Matrix Minerals |
| www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| Heinrich (1962) |
| Coleman (1900) |
| determinations by accelerator mass ... +1 other reference |
| Boyle (1968) +1 other reference |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| Spray et al. (2023) |
| Velthuizen (1993) |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Snoeyenbos et al. (1995) |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| Htoon (1979) |
Cape Verde | |
| Bebiano (1932) +1 other reference |
Chad | |
| Vincent (Sahara du Tchad) +4 other references |
Chile | |
| Vila G. (1976) |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
| Woolley (1987) |
China | |
| Kang et al. (2026) |
| Yusheng Zhai et al. (1996) |
| Yu et al. (1994) |
| Zhongli Tang (1990) |
| Meng et al. (2023) |
| Teng et al. (2025) |
| Liangshu Shu et al. (2004) |
| Liangshu Shu et al. (2004) |
| Lin Jun (2006) |
| Zheng et al. (2015) |
| Rambaldi et al. (1984) |
| Enguang Zang et al. (2009) |
| Qing-chang (1981) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (2008) |
| Chuanxian Lin and Zheru Zhang (1984) |
| Mingxing Shi and Guirong Gao (2006) |
| Chang et al. (2024) |
| Huiwen Liu et al. (2014) |
| Tang (2005) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Fengmei Chai et al. (2006) |
| Ruan +3 other references |
| Han et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Shen Ping et al. (2007) |
Colombia | |
| Betancur-Figueroa et al. (2020) |
Cook Islands | |
| Wood et al. (1970) +4 other references | |
| Wood et al. (1970) +3 other references | |
Costa Rica | |
| |
Cuba | |
| Pujol-Solà et al. (2020) |
| Ríos et al. (1984) | |
| Roesler (1917) |
| Roesler (1917) |
| Roesler (1917) | |
| Roesler (1917) |
| Roesler (1917) | |
| Roesler (1917) | |
| Roesler (1917) | |
| Roesler (1917) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| |
| Matýsek et al. (2018) |
| Kruťa |
| Pauliš et al. (2021) |
| Ulrych et al. (1989) |
| Ulrych et al. (1983) +11 other references |
| Houzar |
| Houzar +5 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Roccati (1907) |
| Roccati (1907) | |
Egypt | |
| El-Desoky et al. (2023) |
| Akaad et al. (South-eastern desert of Egypt) +11 other references | |
| El Ramly +4 other references | |
| El-Dokouny et al. (2023) | |
| Zoheir et al. (2020) | |
El Salvador | |
| ... |
Ethiopia | |
| exemple de l'Afar. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France (5-6) +8 other references |
| Gebregziabher (1998) | |
| Brotzu et al. (Main Ethiopian Rift) +3 other references |
Eurasian Plate | |
| Sun et al. (2020) |
Finland | |
| Barkov et al. (1999) |
| J. Dyer collection |
| [var: Spectrolite] Gübelin et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Jaakko Kurki Collection |
France | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| |
| Brousse +3 other references | |
| Forestier (1964) |
| Chatagnier et al. (2024) |
| Grew (1977) |
| Cotonian et al. (1988) |
| Brousse +15 other references | |
| Brousse +1 other reference | |
| Brousse +13 other references |
| Brousse |
| Bailey +7 other references | |
| Brousse +7 other references | |
| Lemanski (n.d.) |
| Brousse +3 other references |
| Brousse et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| de la Paix Izerumugaba et al. (2026) |
| Chubb et al. (1927) +8 other references |
| Mcbirney et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| ARLIGUIE Michel collection |
| Lefèvre et al. (1985) |
| Coffrant (1974) |
| Raimbault et al. (1987) |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... |
| |
| G. Trolliard et al. +1 other reference | |
| Ambert et al. (2014) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
Germany | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Künzel et al. (2011) |
| Frenzel (1874) |
| Juliane R. Collection | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| H. Vollstädt et al. (Dresden) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
Greece | |
| Mposkos et al. (2011) |
| Vasilatos et al. (2023) |
| Liati et al. (1994) |
| Sotiropoulou et al. (2010) |
Greenland | |
| Benson (1940) |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
Hungary | |
| Szabó et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| EGU / EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly et al. (Bakony-Balaton Highland) |
| XVI ECROFI European Current Research On Fluid Inclusions et al. (Eds F. Noronha, A. Dória and A. Guedes) |
Iceland | |
| Blake (1966) |
| Jackson et al. (2019) |
| Martin et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
India | |
| Leelanandam (1997) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference |
| RARE-EARTHS |
| Gotze +7 other references |
| Sen et al. (20112) |
| Rout et al. (2022) |
| Deb (1980) |
| Sahu et al. (2026) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Maciąg et al. (2019) | |
Indonesia | |
| Smithsonian |
| Van Leeuwen (1981) +1 other reference |
| Dani Lukman Hakim (2016) |
| Abdurrachman et al. (2012) |
Iran | |
| Stalder (1971) |
| Fadaeian et al. (2022) |
| Nezafati et al. (2017) |
| Altenberger et al. (2022) |
| Shahbazi et al. (2019) |
| Rasti et al. (2026) |
Iraq | |
| Kettanah (2023) |
| Kettanah et al. (2017) |
Italy | |
| Morandi et al. (1982) |
| Lacroix (1917) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Roccati (1903) |
| Sessa et al. (2017) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Henry Stephens Washington (1908) |
| Renzulli +4 other references |
| Civetta et al. (1998) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| D'Achiardi (1872-73) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (FI) | |
| Brizzi G. (1996) | |
| Brizzi G. (1996) | |
| D'Achiardi (1872-73) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Coulibaly et al. (2025) |
Japan | |
| Kuno (1960) +1 other reference |
| |
| Huzita (1971) |
| Zyunpei Harada (1936) |
| Kato (1922) |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Tomita (1936) +5 other references |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) | |
| Kato (1924) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Ваулин (2016) |
Kenya | |
| Baker (1963) +1 other reference |
| Saggerson (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Rix (1973) +4 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Soloviev (2011) |
Libya | |
| Lustrino et al. (2012) |
| Goudarzi (1970) +1 other reference | |
Madagascar | |
| Majmundar (1970) |
| James +8 other references | |
| Majmundar (1970) |
| Majmundar (1970) |
| Royal Museum for Central Africa | |
| pers. com. K.E.Larsen april 2006 |
| Behier (1963) +1 other reference |
| pers. com. K.E.Larsen april 2006 | |
| pers. com. K.E.Larsen april 2006 | |
| www.madagascarminerals.com (n.d.) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Lacroix (1912) +3 other references |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| John Sobolewski photo and specimen | |
| Rakotondrazafy et al. (2008) +2 other references |
Malaysia | |
| Tayor (1971) |
Mexico | |
| Gupta (2015) |
| Zucchi et al. (2025) |
Middle East | |
| Mittlefehldt (1984) +2 other references | |
Mongolia | |
| Andreyeva et al. (1987) |
| Savina et al. (2020) |
| Kovalenko et al. (1995) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2018) |
Morocco | |
| JÉRÉMINE (1955) +1 other reference |
| Gentil +4 other references |
| Maya Gold and Silver |
Mozambique | |
| TORRE DE ASSUNCAO et al. (1962) |
Myanmar | |
| Themelis (2008) |
Namibia | |
| Ewart et al. (1998) |
| Mathias (1956) +8 other references | |
Nazca Plate | |
| Zawadzki et al. (2022) | |
New Zealand | |
| Speight (1943) |
| Carlson et al. (1974) |
| Thornton | |
| Cody et al. (1981) |
| Pirajno (1980) | |
| Wodzicki et al. (1970) |
| Waight (1995) |
Niger | |
| Black +3 other references |
Norway | |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Wilke (1976) | |
| ... |
| Mason (1967) |
| Heldal +29 other references | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Duchesne (ed.) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Svensen (2004) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Cadow (1993) |
| Evans (1997) |
| Bøe (2001) | |
| Porter (2014) |
| Porter (2014) | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Hékinian et al. (1985) |
| Astakhova et al. (2014) |
| Astakhova et al. (2014) | |
| Yan et al. (2024) | |
Pakistan | |
| Wang et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Jan et al. (2022) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Downes (1994) |
| Smith (1976) +1 other reference |
| Traill (1961) | |
| Lunge et al. (2026) |
Paraguay | |
| Woolley (1987) |
| Woolley (1987) | |
Peru | |
| Liipo et al. (1994) |
Poland | |
| Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach ... |
| Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Birkenmajer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| P.119-129 +1 other reference |
| Heflik W. (Lower Silesia) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Borkowska (1985) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Gil et al. (2019) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Berg G. (1910) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Awdankiewicz (2013) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Szumowska M. et al. (Lower Silesia) |
| Kłos T. at all (1967) |
| Kozłowska-Koch (1981) +2 other references |
Portugal | |
| Gaspar et al. (2000) |
| geoportal.lneg.pt (n.d.) |
| Rui Nunes 2010 +5 other references |
| Morais +2 other references |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
Russia | |
| Likhanov et al. (1995) |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2016) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2016) | |
| Kiseleva et al. (2022) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2015) |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
| Kolisnichenko et al. (2008) |
| Anastasiya SERGEEVA (2023) |
| Shchipalkina et al. (2020) |
| Sandimirova et al. (2014) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| information from Trest Quartz Samotcvety | |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) |
| Soloviev et al. (2022) | |
| Kokh et al. (2023) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection (see https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-226-to-fkm-250/#FKM-226 for normalized analyses) |
| Shchukina et al. (Vol. 473, No. 1, pp. 333-337) |
| Sushchenko et al. (2023) |
| Yefimov et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| ... | |
| ... | |
| Huber et al. (2015) |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2000) |
| Kalinin et al. (2024) |
| Ivanov (1975) |
| Gvozdev (2001) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Svetova et al. (2022) |
| Голубев et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Trunilina et al. (2021) |
| Ganino et al. (2019) |
| Kislov et al. (2026) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Zueva et al. (2023) |
| Soloviev et al. (2013) |
Saint Helena， Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | |
| Le Maitre (1959) +5 other references | |
Saint Lucia | |
| Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. (1982) |
Samoa | |
| Kear +4 other references | |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Camp et al. (1989) +2 other references |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Reato et al. (2022) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| M. Huraiova et al. |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Bacsó |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et. all. |
South Africa | |
| Song et al. (2025) |
| Clifford et al. (2012) |
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | |
| Pettigrew (1981) | |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
| Lee (ed) +7 other references | |
Spain | |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| Majarena Serrano (2015) |
| Torró et al. (2018) |
| Jiménez Martínez |
| Jiménez-Millán et al. (2007) |
| Weibel (1954) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Samarakoon et al. (2021) |
Sweden | |
| Agarwal et al. (2016) |
| J.H.L. Vogt: About ironmines in Norway ... |
| |
| Wilke (1997) |
Taiwan | |
| Juan et al. (1959) |
| Juan et al. (1959) |
| CHEN et al. (1989) |
Tajikistan | |
| Soloviev et al. (2019) |
| Nasdala et al. (1993) |
Tanzania | |
| Gao et al. (2024) |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1987) |
Thailand | |
| Part II +4 other references |
Tonga | |
| Bauer (1970) |
Turkey | |
| SOYLU et al. (1999) |
| Kocatürk et al. (2025) |
Uganda | |
| Roccati (1907) |
| Roccati (1907) | |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Majendie (1818) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Eastwood et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Hamad (1963) +2 other references |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Miller et al. (1962) +5 other references |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Rutley (1902) |
| Tilley (1937) |
| Rutley (1902) |
| Emeleus et al. (1992) |
| Howie (1963) |
| Rutley (1902) |
| Harrison (1975) | |
| Davidson (1935) |
| Graham et al. (2017) |
| Day (1999) |
| Rutley (1902) |
Ukraine | |
| Gurov et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Acta Geologica Polonica Vol 2 et al. (in Polish) +1 other reference |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
| www.pegmatite.ru (2009) +1 other reference |
| Grzegorz Słowik collection +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10048294 |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Schrader (1915) |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Lindgren (1926) |
| A.I.M.E. Ore Deposits of the Western States (1933) |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Erickson +1 other reference |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Rose (1959) |
| Geol. Soc. of America Bulletin |
| U.S. Borax |
| Blackerby (1968) +1 other reference |
| Sharp (1959) +2 other references |
| Andersen (1917) +1 other reference | |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Richmond (1939) +1 other reference |
| MarekC (2018) |
| Merrill |
| Larsen et al. (1948) +2 other references |
| Miller (1934) +2 other references |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| Am Min 50:1179-1212 |
| USGS Prof Paper 649 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Prof Paper 223 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Foye (1926) |
| 34-37 +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Dunham (1933) |
| Dunham (1933) |
| Winchell (1947) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Hamilton et al. (1963) |
| Fisher (1934) +1 other reference |
| Boudette |
| Boudette |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Rainville et al. (1976) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Hitchcock |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Espenshade |
| Houston |
| Espenshade |
| McHone et al. (1982) |
| McHone et al. (1982) | |
| Wandke |
| Anderson | |
| Gilman | |
| Sears (1905) +1 other reference |
| Emerson (1917) | |
| Emerson (1917) |
| Emerson (1917) |
| Ross (2010) |
| Jaggar (4) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Aldrich et al. (1965) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Winchell (1900) |
| Taylor (1964) |
| WALTER (2011) |
| USGS PP 296 (Ross,1959) |
| KUNZ et al. (2003) |
| McCallum (1996) | |
| Pabian (1971) |
| Pabian (1971) |
| Pabian (1971) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Meyers et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1954) |
| Rice et al. (1971) | |
| Hitchcock (1905) | |
| |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Tommy B. Thompson (1973) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| William J. Miller. Geology of the Lake ... |
| Robinson et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Miller (1938) |
| Larsen et al. (1932) |
| Wood (1996) |
| Barbara A.Olsen |
| Dana 6:515 |
| Denison et al. (1967) | |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| Hadley (1973) | |
| Zeitner |
| Genth (1891) |
| Pratt (1933) |
| Hoy et al. (1939) | |
| McSween et al. (1984) | |
| Pratt (1933) | |
| J.Wright Horton et al. (2006) | |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| White (1945) | |
| Philip Stanley Justus | |
| Stephan Brewer Harper | |
| USGS Bulletion No +1 other reference | |
| Leybourne et al. (2026) |
| Specimens collected by Isaac Coblentz . ... |
| [var: Oregon Sunstone] Cran Cowan |
| [var: Oregon Sunstone] pana-mine.com (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Oregon Sunstone] Christopher L. Johnston et al. (1991) | |
| [var: Oregon Sunstone] ‘David Carter’ Ex-collection +2 other references | |
| [var: Oregon Sunstone] Christopher L. Johnston et al. (1991) | |
| - (1952) |
| [var: Oregon Sunstone] Christopher L. Johnston et al. (1991) |
| [var: Oregon Sunstone] March. +1 other reference | |
| [var: Oregon Sunstone] March. +1 other reference | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Fisher et al. (1927) |
| Carr et al. (1981) |
| Chaumba (2010) |
| Earle Sloan (1908) |
| Earle Sloan (1908) | |
| Prince et al. (2004) | |
| Prince et al. (2004) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) | |
| Paris (2011) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Donnelly (1962) |
| USGS Bull 878 p 41 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Wolff (1929) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
| Woolley (1987) |
| Rocks & Min.: 8:143-144. +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Lee et al. (1989) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Thompson et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... |
| Hausel et al. (2001) | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Eales (1964) |
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