Kainosite-(Y)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Kainosite-(Y)
Formula:
Ca2Y2(SiO3)4(CO3) · H2O
Y may be replaced by minor Ce and other REE.
Colour:
Colorless, white, straw-yellow, yellow-brown, chestnut-brown, may be tipped with rose or pink
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.52
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named kainosite by Nordenskiöld (1886) from the Greek καινος, 'uncommon', in allusion to its unusual chemical composition. The suffix/modifier was added in 1987, according to the Levinson rule for minerals with essential REE, indicating predominant yttrium.
This page provides mineralogical data about Kainosite-(Y).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2133
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2133:9
Similar Names
| Canasite | A valid IMA mineral species | K3Na3Ca5Si12O30(OH)4 |
| Gainesite | A valid IMA mineral species | Na(Na,K)(Be,Li)Zr2(PO4)4 · 1.5-2H2O |
| Kansite (of Meyer et al.) | A synonym of Mackinawite |
IMA Classification of Kainosite-(Y)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
Ca2Y2(SiO3)4(CO3)·H2O
First published:
1886
Type description reference:
Classification of Kainosite-(Y)
9.CF.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
F : [Si4O12]8- 4-membered single rings, with insular complex anions
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
F : [Si4O12]8- 4-membered single rings, with insular complex anions
60.2.1.1
60 : CYCLOSILICATES Four-Membered Rings
2 : Four-Membered Rings with other anion groups
60 : CYCLOSILICATES Four-Membered Rings
2 : Four-Membered Rings with other anion groups
17.4.10
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
4 : Silicates with carbonates
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
4 : Silicates with carbonates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Kno-Y | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Kainosite-(Y)
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, white, straw-yellow, yellow-brown, chestnut-brown, may be tipped with rose or pink
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
good on {110}
good on {110}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.52 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.542 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kainosite-(Y)
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.662 - 1.665 nβ = 1.682 - 1.689 nγ = 1.687 - 1.692
2V:
Measured: 40° , Calculated: 38° to 52°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.025 - 0.027
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
strong
Optical Extinction:
Parallel. X = c; Y = b; Z = a.
Chemistry of Kainosite-(Y)
Mindat Formula:
Ca2Y2(SiO3)4(CO3) · H2O
Y may be replaced by minor Ce and other REE.
Y may be replaced by minor Ce and other REE.
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Kainosite-(Y)
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.05 Å, b = 14.33 Å, c = 6.77 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.911 : 1 : 0.472
Unit Cell V:
1,266.03 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals short, equant, to slender, prismatic and sheafike aggregates of crystals.
Comment:
Space Group: Pmnb:
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014836 | Kainosite-(Y) | Giuseppetti G, Tadini C, Oddone M (1989) Cenosite-(Y) from Baveno, Novara (Italy): crystal structure Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1989 153-164 | 1989 | Baveno, Novara, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012442 | Kainosite-(Y) | Volodina G F, Rumanova I M, Belov N V (1963) Crystal structure of kaynozite Ca2(Y,Tr)2[Si4O12]CO3*H2O Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 149 173-175 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.52 Å | (100) |
| 2.764 Å | (100) |
| 3.29 Å | (80) |
| 3.19 Å | (75) |
| 3.45 Å | (70) |
| 2.170 Å | (70) |
| 1.929 Å | (60) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Type Occurrence of Kainosite-(Y)
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mineralogical-Geological Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, number 21977.
Synonyms of Kainosite-(Y)
Other Language Names for Kainosite-(Y)
Dutch:Kainosiet-(Y)
German:Kainosit-(Y)
Cenosit
Kainosit
Cenosit
Kainosit
Russian:Кайнозит-(Y)
Simplified Chinese:碳硅钇钙石
Traditional Chinese:碳矽釔鈣石
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 43 photos of Kainosite-(Y) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 15 photos of Kainosite-(Y) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 12 photos of Kainosite-(Y) associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 9 photos of Kainosite-(Y) associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9 photos of Kainosite-(Y) associated with Chlorite Group | |
| 8 photos of Kainosite-(Y) associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 8 photos of Kainosite-(Y) associated with Chamosite | Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 7 photos of Kainosite-(Y) associated with Feldspar Group | |
| 6 photos of Kainosite-(Y) associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 6 photos of Kainosite-(Y) associated with 'Yttrofluorite' | (Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.CF. | Bobmeyerite | Pb4(Al3Cu)(Si4O12)(S0.5Si0.5O4)(OH)7Cl(H2O)3 |
| 9.CF.05 | Ashburtonite | Pb4Cu4(Si4O12)(HCO3)4(OH)3Cl · H2O |
| 9.CF.15 | Clinophosinaite | Na12(Ca,Sr)4(Si4O12)(PO4)4 |
| 9.CF.15 | Phosinaite-(Ce) | Na13Ca2(Ce,La,Th,Nd,Pr)(Si4O12)(PO4)4 |
| 9.CF.20 | Strakhovite | NaBa3Mn2+2Mn3+2Si6O19(OH)3 |
| 9.CF.25 | Cerchiaraite-(Al) | Ba4Al4O3(OH)3(Si4O12)[Si2O3(OH)4]Cl |
| 9.CF.25 | Cerchiaraite-(Fe) | Ba4Fe3+4O3(OH)3(Si4O12)[Si2O3(OH)4]Cl |
| 9.CF.25 | Cerchiaraite-(Mn) | Ba4Mn3+4(Si4O12)O2(OH)4Cl2[Si2O3(OH)4] |
Other Information
Notes:
Effervesces slowly in cold dilute HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kainosite-(Y)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2133.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Kainosite-(Y)
Reference List:
Nordenskiöld, A. E. (1886) Mineralogiska bidrag. 9. Kainosit, ett nytt mineral från Hitterö i Norge [Mineralogical contributions. 9. Kainosite, a new mineral from Hitterö in Norway]. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 8 (2). 143-146 doi:10.1080/11035898609443570
Adams, John W., Staatz, Mortimer H., Havens, Raymond G. (1964) Cenosite from Porthill, Idaho. American Mineralogist, 49 (11-12) 1736-1740
Nickel, Ernest H., Mandarino, Joseph A. (1987) Procedures involving the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names and guidelines on mineral nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 72 (9-10) 1031-1042
Localities for Kainosite-(Y)
Showing 126 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Beleque (2010) |
Austria | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy (http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kainositey.pdf) |
| Weiß et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
Canada | |
| Grice (1989) |
| Pouliot et al. (1964) |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... |
| Am. Min. (1930) | |
| George Robinson 1990 |
| Louise Corriveau (Date Modified: 2008-12-08) |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Hogarth et al. (1974) |
| Birkett et al. (1992) +3 other references | |
China | |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2000) |
Czech Republic | |
| Dolníček et al. (2024) |
Finland | |
| Reijo Alviola analytical data |
France | |
| De Ascenção Guedes (2003) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1991) +1 other reference |
| Belendorff (2007) |
| Joachim Gröbner (EDS-analysis) |
| Desor (2017) |
| Desor +1 other reference | |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| - (2004) | |
| Pezzotta et al. (1999) |
| Finello et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Finello et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
| Campostrini et al. (2023) | |
| Probed EDX-PXRD M.E. Ciriotti - G. Blass |
| Private Collection +1 other reference |
| Grill (1935) |
| Pezzotta et al. (1999) | |
| 'Apatite' - Monazite- (Ce) |
| Gamboni et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Gamboni (2003) |
| Stara P. (1990) |
| Folie et al. (2004) |
| Ferretti et al. (2015) |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) +1 other reference |
| Tsuruta et al. (2005) |
Malawi | |
| Guastoni et al. (2004) |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kartashov et al. (2002) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Kovalenko et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Husdal et al. (2021) |
| Husdal (2009) | |
| Husdal (2009) | |
| Nordenskiöld (1886) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Husdal et al. (2021) | |
| Bjørlykke (1959) |
| Husdal (2023) |
| Sverdrup (1968) |
| Husdal (2020) | |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Husdal (2023) | |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Husdal (2011) | |
| Husdal (2008) | |
| Husdal (2019) |
| Husdal (2008) | |
| Grauch et al. (1994) |
| Raade et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Raade et al. (1993) | |
| |
| Raade (1971) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen (1993) |
| Berge (1993) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Osipov et al. (2021) |
| Burlakov (1995) |
| Burlakov (1999) | |
| Moralev et al. (2005) |
| Lyalina et al. (2014) |
| Voloshin A.V. et al. (1986) |
| Zozulya et al. (2022) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Ковальчук et al. (2014) |
| Garcia-Guinea et al. (2005) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2026) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2026) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 70 (4) | |
| Tánago et al. (2012) | |
| Calvo et al. (2009) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Collection of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm (The Natural History Museum) |
| Otter (2003) |
| Sjögren (1897) +2 other references |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Handbook of Mineralogy (http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kainositey.pdf) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| S Wolfsried collection |
| |
| Graeser S. (2005) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser (2012) |
UK | |
| |
| S. Rust collection +1 other reference |
| Green et al. (2005) |
| Green et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Green et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
Ukraine | |
| ДУБИНА et al. (2014) |
USA | |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) |
| Hanson et al. (2013) |
| AmMin 47:328 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Grant Martin's Collection |
| Rocks & Min. 70:247 |
| Am Min (1964) +1 other reference |
| Handbook of Mineralogy (http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kainositey.pdf) | |
| King (2000) |
| USGS Open File report 2010-5220 |
| gsa.confex.com (2008) |
| Richards et al. (2000) |
| K. Wood collection |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Markus B. Raschke et al. (2016) |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 +2 other references |
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Hopffeldgraben, Hopffeld area, Neukirchen am Großvenediger, Zell am See District, Salzburg, Austria