National Death Tolls for the Second World War
This chart contains my best estimate for national death tolls during the Second World War. Click the links for sources and details.
Axis Military
Allied Military
Civilians Europe-North Africa Asia-Pacific TOTAL
Soviet Union
8,668,000
16,900,000
8,660,000
8,000
25.6m
China 240,000
1,757,000
8,000,000
1,997,000
10.0m
Poland
123,000
6,028,000
123,000
6.1m
Germany 3,500,000
1,600,000
3,500,000
5.1m
East Indies
4,000,000
4.0m
Japan 2,566,000
672,000
2,566,000
3.2m
India
49,000
3,000,000
42,000
7,000
3.0m
French Indochina
2,000,000
2.0m
Yugoslavia
305,000
1,200,000
305,000
1.5m
Romania 350,000
170,000
300,000
520,000
0.8m
France 3,000
250,000
350,000
250,000
0.6m
Czechoslovakia 200,000
46,000
294,000
246,000
540,000
Great Britain
403,000
93,000
397,000
6,000
496,000
Italy 280,000
67,000
93,000
347,000
440,000
Hungary 136,000
294,000
136,000
430,000
USA
405,000
9,000
309,000
96,000
414,000
Korea
400,000
400,000
Greece
17,000
325,000
17,000
342,000
Netherlands
8,000
200,000
8,000
208,000
Philippines
27,000
100,000
27,000
127,000
Belgium
9,000
76,000
9,000
85,000
Finland 80,000
3,000
80,000
83,000
7.3m
12.3m
45.9m
14.9m
4.7m
65.6m
Level 1: more than 1,000,000 dead
China
Military:
Britannica: 1,310,224 (Nationalists, 1937-45)
Compton's: 1,310,224 (Nationalists, 1937-45)
HarperCollins: 1,324,000
Clodfelter
KMT: 1,319,958 KIA
Communists: admit to 500,000 d., but true toll probably 2M soldiers +
civilians in Comm. areas.
Total: 3M
Info. Please : 1,324,516 (Nationalists, 1937-45)Ellis: 1,400,000
Eckhardt: 650,000 (1937-41, incl. Japanese), 1,350,000 (1941-45)
Small & Singer: 750,000 (1937-41), 1,350,000 (after Dec. 1941)
Wallechinsky: [2,219,958]
Nationalists (1937-45): 1,319,958
Communists: 500,000
non-Comm. guerrillas: 400,000
Urlanis: 2,500,000
Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness , p.144: 1,920,000
(China + Manchuria, 1931-41) + 1,130,000 (1942-45) [=3,0500,000]
Encarta: 3,500,000
Ho Ping-to, Studies in the population of China, 1368-1953 (1967) pp. 250-252:
Ho cited a survey that estimated 335,934 Chinese civilians killed in air raids and 1,073,496 killed otherwise. That would come to some 1.4 million civilians killed directly by war, 1937-45, but his methodology specifically did not include the Nanjing Massacre and the Yellow River flood.
During the 2nd Chinese Civil War, Communist troops lost 263,800 killed. The Nationalists lost 1,711,110 both killed and wounded, with maybe a fifth of those [some 370,000] killed. (p.253)
Japan’s Chinese allies/puppets lost 960,000 soldiers both killed and wounded. [As a rough guess, a fourth of this would be 240,000 killed.]
Communists: 446,736 k.
Rummel: 3,832,000
Nationalist + Communist battle: 1,900,000
Disease: 1,500,000
Japanese puppet Chinese: 432,000
Kinder: 6,400,000
MEDIAN: ca. 2,050,000 (2.0M-2.1M)
Civilian:
Eckhardt: 1,150,000 (1937-41), 850,000 (1941-45)
Ho Ping-to, Studies in the population of China, 1368-1953 (1967) pp. 250-252
Ho cited a survey that estimated 335,934 Chinese civilians killed in air raids and 1,073,496 killed otherwise. That would come to some 1.4 million civilians killed directly by war, 1937-45, but his methodology specifically did not include the Nanjing Massacre and the Yellow River flood.
Kinder: 4,500,000
Wallechinsky: 2-10M (1937-45)
Urlanis: 7,500,000
Ellis: 8,000,000
HarperCollins: up to 10,000,000
Encarta: 10,000,000
Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness , p.144: 5,870,000
(China + Manchuria, 1931-41) + 6,530,000 (1942-45) [=12,400,000]
Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two : 15,554,000 (p.143)
Rummel: 15,608,000
Civilian, non-democidal: 3,252,000
Famine: 2,250,000
Democide:
by Japanese: 3,949,000
by Nationalists: 5,907,000
by Communists: 250,000
MEDIAN: 8,000,000
Total:
Messenger: 2.5M
Eckhardt: 4M
Wallechinsky: 4.2-12.2M
Ellis: 9.4M
Urlanis: 10M
Kinder: 10.9M
HarperCollins: < 11M
Encarta: 13.5M
Martin Gilbert A History of the Twentieth Century v.3 (citing Ho
Ping-ti): 15-20M
Rummel: 20.44M
MEDIAN: ca. 10,450,000 (10.0M-10.9M) Dutch East Indies
Sterling Seagrave, Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of
Yamashita's Gold , p.54: 4 million Indonesians enslaved and worked to death
in distant lands.
Paterson, On Every Front : 4M
Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two : 3 to 4 million deaths as a
result of the occupation, incl. 800,000 by forced labor (p.111); 3,000,000
(p.143) Germany
Military:
HarperCollins: 2,850,000
Ellis: 3,250,000
Compton's: 3,250,000
Info. Please : 3,250,000 (all causes)Clodfelter: 3,250,000 d. incl...
Britannica: 3,500,000 (incl. 1M missing. Not incl.: 250,000 dead of
natural causes, suicide and execution)
Small & Singer: 3,500,000
Encarta: 3,500,000
Keegan: 4,000,000
Kinder: 4,000,000
Urlanis: 4,500,000
Eckhardt: 4,750,000
MEDIAN: 3.5M
Civilian:
Compton's: 500,000
Britannica: 780,000
Wallechinsky: 780,000
Davies: 780,000
Clodfelter: 780,000
Eckhardt: 1,471,000
Keegan: 1,593,000
Urlanis: 2,000,000
HarperCollins: 2,300,000
Ellis: 2,050,000 (by Allies), 300,000 (by Germans)
Kinder: 3,800,000
Encarta: 3,800,000
MEDIAN: 1.6M
All (undifferentiated):
Compton's: 3.75M
Wallechinsky: 4M
Britannica: 4.28M
Messenger: 5M
HarperCollins: 5.15M
Ellis: 5.55M
Keegan: 5.593M
Eckhardt: 6.221M
Urlanis: 6.5M
Encarta: 7.3M
Kinder: 7.8M
MEDIAN: 5.5M India
Military:
Keegan: 24,000
Eckhardt: 24,000
Britannica: 24,338
Urlanis: 24,338 (KIA, officially)
Info. Please : 32,121HarperCollins: 36,092
Ellis: 36,100
Clodfelter: 48,675 d. incl...
Civilian
Eckhardt: 25,000
Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two : 2,040,000 (p.143)
Bengal Famine (1943)
Hammond: 1.5 to 3.0 million
Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India , 4th ed.: 1-3M
John Keay: India: A History : 2-4M
[Letter ]
All (undifferentiated):
French Indochina
Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness , p.144: 1,500,000
Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two : 1,500,000 (p.143)
Paterson, On Every Front : 1 million by starvation in Vietnam.
Karnow, Vietnam , p.160: 2 million famine deaths in Vietnam.
Large, Showa Japan : 1 million Vietnamese
Japan
Military:
Clodfelter: 500,000 Japanese k. or d. in China (only)
Keegan: 1,200,000
Kinder: 1,200,000
Small & Singer: 250,000 (1937-41), 1,000,000 (after Dec. 1941)
Info. Please : 1,270,000Britannica: 1,300,000 (not incl. 300,000 deaths not related to battle)
Eckhardt: 1,500,000
HarperCollins: 1,506,000
Encarta: 1,700,000
Large, Showa Japan : 1,740,955 total military deaths, incl.
Navy dead: 414,879
In China 1937-41: 185,647
In China 1941-45: 202,958
Ellis: 1,740,000 (from 1937)
Compton's: 1,862,499
Davison, The Pacific War Day by Day : 1,506,000
Urlanis: 2,000,000
Clodfelter: 2,565,878 d. incl...
Rottman, Japanese Infantryman 1937-45 : 2,566,000 dead of all causes (1,506,000 KIA)
Civilian:
Compton's: 250,000
HarperCollins: 300,000
Urlanis: 350,000
Encarta: 380,000
Ellis: 393,400
Large, Showa Japan :
Tokyo: 97,301
HiroShima: 140,000
Nagasaki: 70,000
all other cities: 86,336
[Total killed in cities: 393,637]
Eckhardt: 500,000
Clodfelter: 658,595 or 672,000 (incl. disease, malnutrition and 299,485 by
bombing)
Britannica: 672,000
Rottman, Japanese Infantryman 1937-45 : 672,000
Wallechinsky: 700,000
Davison, The Pacific War Day by Day : 900,000
All (undifferentiated):
Messenger: 2,000,000
Wallechinsky: 3.2M Poland
Military:
Ellis: 66,300 (1939 war), 4,500 (in W. Eur.)
Encarta: 120,000
Urlanis: 123,200 (from official report, 1947)
1939 War: 66,300
1st & 2nd Polish Armies in East: 13,900
France & Norway, 1940: 2,100
In British Army: 7,900
1944 Uprising: 13,000
Resistance: 20,000
Britannica: 123,178
Davies: 123,178
Compton's: 125,000
Small & Singer: 320,000 (1939 war)
Eckhardt: 600,000
Info. Please : 664,000HarperCollins: 850,000 (169,822 "as Allies")
Civilian:
Kinder: 4,200,000
Urlanis: 4,877,000 within post-war boundaries
According to the official 1947 report of the Polish govt.:
Victims of concentration camps, executions, ghetto liquidations: 3,577,000
Victims of prisons, camps and other places of confinement (death caused by
epidemics, exhaustion, etc.): 1,286,000
Outside camps - dead of wounds, injuries, overwork: 521,000
TOTAL: 6,028,000 [within pre-war boundaries]
Civilian losses as direct result of military operation: 521,000
Compton's: 5M
Ellis: 5,300,000
Encarta: 5,300,000
Britannica: 5,675,000
Wallechinsky: 5,700,000
Davies: 5,675,000 to 7,000,000
HarperCollins: 5,778,000
Eckhardt: 6,000,000
All (undifferentiated):
Keegan: 6,000,000
Messenger: 6,000,000
Wallechinsky: 6.3M Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Military:
Info. Please : 6,115,000 (all causes)Compton's: 6,750,000
Keegan: 7,000,000
Small & Singer: 7,500,000
Eckhardt: 7,500,000
Davies: 8,000,000 to 9,000,000
Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies , by John Erickson and David
Dilks
KIA, Died of wounds, Accidents, Suicides: 6,885,1000 [sic]
Dead and Missing: 8,668,400
Mentions and dismisses other estimates of 23M and 26.4M. Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997); also :
KIA, DoW, etc.: 6,885,100
Total Dead: 8,668,400
Mazower: 3M POWs through starvation + 6.5M in battle = 9.5M
Urlanis: 10,000,000
Volkogonov: 10,000,000
Ellis: 11,000,000
Britannica: 11,000,000
Encarta: 13,000,000
Kinder: 13,600,000
Wallechinsky: 13,600,000
HarperCollins: 14,500,000
30 Apr. 1994 Guardian : 22M
Steven Shabad
Sokolov's new calculations: 26.4M
Gorbachev's official est.: 8,668,000 Red Army dead
MEDIAN: 10M
Civilian:
Compton's: 6M
Ellis: 6,700,000
Britannica: 7,000,000
HarperCollins: 7,000,000
Encarta: 7,000,000
Kinder: 7,000,000
Keegan: 7,000,000
Eckhardt: 7,500,000
Mazower: 10M
Urlanis: 10,000,000
Steven Shabad (citing Sokolov): 16.9M
Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): "best estimate" 17M,
citing
Sokolov: 16,900,000
Korol: 24,000,000
Davies: 16,000,000 to 19,000,000
30 Apr. 1994 Guardian : 18M
MEDIAN: 7M
Total:
Compton's: 12.75M
Keegan: 14M
Eckhardt: 15M
Ellis: 17.7M
Britannica: 18M
Mazower: 19.5M
Encarta: 20M
Messenger: 20M
Urlanis: 20M
Kinder: 20.6M
HarperCollins: 21.5M
Wallechinsky: 20-26M
Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): 25M
The Cambridge History of Russia : 25MDavies: 24M to 28M
Volkogonov, Dmitri, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy (1991): 26-27M
Guiness World Records: 26.6M [http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/index.asp?id=46251 ]
Hochschild: 27M
30 Apr. 1994 Guardian : 40M
Steven Shabad
Sokolov's new calculations: 43.3M
Stalin's official public est.: 7M dead
Khrushchev's official est.: 20M
Gorbachev's official est.: 27M
Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies , by John Erickson and David
Dilks: 49M (acc2 book review: Agence France Presse, 16 June 1994)MEDIAN: 20M Yugoslavia
Military:
Small & Singer: 5,000 (1941 War)
Compton's: 75,000
Encarta: 300,000
Urlanis: 300,000
Britannica: 305,000
Davies: 305,000
Info. Please : 305,000Eckhardt: 400,000
MEDIAN: 0.3M
Civilian:
Eckhardt: 1,000,000
Britannica: 1,200,000
Davies: 1,200,000
Wallechinsky: 1,200,000
Encarta: 1,300,000
Urlanis: 1,400,000
MEDIAN: 1.2M
Total:
Keegan: 1M
Eckhardt: 1.4M
Wallechinsky: 1.5M
Britannica: 1.505M
Davies: 1.505M
Encarta: 1.6M
Messenger: 1.6M
Urlanis: 1.7M
HarperCollins: 1.7M
Ellis: 1.7M
MEDIAN: 1.55M
Level 2: more than 100,000 dead
Austria
Military:
Urlanis: 270,000
Info. Please : 280,000Eckhardt: 280,000
HarperCollins: 380,000
Civilian:
Urlanis: 104,000
Eckhardt: 125,000
HarperCollins: 145,000
All:
Czechoslovakia
Military:
HarperCollins: 6,683
Info. Please : 6,683 (all causes)Clodfelter: 6,683 KIA
Britannica: 10,000
Encarta: 10,000
Eckhardt: 30,000
Urlanis
Czechs, Slovaks in various armies: 46,000
Sudetendeutsch w/German Army: 200,000
Civilian:
Britannica: 215,000
Ellis: 215,000
Eckhardt: 250,000
Urlanis: 294,000
HarperCollins: 310,000
Encarta: 330,000
All:
France
Military:
Ellis: 92,000 (1940), 30,000 (in exile)
Compton's: 166,195
Keegan: 200,000
Eckhardt: 200,000
Info. Please : 201,568Small & Singer: 210,000 (w/Allies), 2,500 (Vichy, w/Axis)
HarperCollins: 210,671
Britannica: 213,324 (incl. 1,200 Vichy)
Davies: 213,324
Clodfelter: 245,000 incl...
213,324 KIA, which incl. 2,653 Vichy
Encarta: 250,000
Urlanis: 250,000
KIA, 1939-40 War: 92,000
KIA, Free French, 1940-45: 58,000
Resistance: 20,000
Alsatian French conscripts KIA w/German army: 40,000
POW Deaths: 40,000
Civilian:
HarperCollins: 173,260
Britannica: 350,000
Davies: 350,000
Clodfelter: 350,000
Urlanis: 350,000
From bombing: 60,000
Nazi terror: 90,000
Forced labor in Germany: 40,000
German concentration camps: 160,000
Encarta: 360,000
Keegan: 400,000
Eckhardt: 450,000
Ellis: 470,000
All (undifferentiated):
Wallechinsky: 595,000
Messenger: 600,000 Greece
Military:
Small & Singer: 10,000 (1940-41)
Eckhardt: 10,000
HarperCollins: 16,357
Info. Please : 17,024Ellis: 18,300
Compton's: 77,200
Britannica: 88,300
Clodfelter: 88,300 incl...
17,024 KIA, which incl. partisans
Urlanis: 100,000, incl. 10,000 in 1940-41 war
Civilian:
Eckhardt: 54,000
HarperCollins: 155,300
Britannica: 325,000
Clodfelter: 325,000
Davies: 325,000
Urlanis: 350,000
Compton's: 380,000
Ellis: 415,000
All (undifferentiated):
Messenger: 100,000
Keegan: 250,000 Hungary
Military:
Small & Singer: 40,000
Compton's: 75,000
Encarta: 120,000
Ellis: 136,000
Urlanis: 136,000
Info. Please : 147,435Britannica: 200,000 (fragmentary data)
Eckhardt: 400,000
Civilian:
Encarta: 280,000
Britannica: 290,000
Urlanis: 294,000
Ellis: 300,000
Eckhardt: 450,000
All (undifferentiated):
Messenger: 400,000
Wallechinsky: 490,000
HarperCollins: 750,000 Italy
Military:
Compton's: 60,000 (w/Axis), 69,774 (w/Allies)
Small & Singer: 60,000 (w/Axis), 17,500 (w/Allies)
Info. Please : 149,496 (all causes)Eckhardt: 150,000
Ellis: 226,900
Britannica: 242,232 (incl. 131,419 missing, but not incl. 49,144 dead of
natural causes and suicide. Total military dead w/o missing: 159,957, which
divides up as 92,767 w/Axis and 67,190 w/Allies)
HarperCollins: 279,820 (17,400 as Allies)
Encarta: 330,000
Urlanis: 400,000 (incl. 17,000 as Allies; 71,000 in resistance)
Civilian:
Ellis: 60,000
Eckhardt: 70,000
Encarta: 80,000
HarperCollins: 93,000
Urlanis: 100,000
Britannica: 152,941
All (undifferentiated):
Keegan: 330,000
Messenger: 300,000
Wallechinsky: 530,000 Korea
Paterson, On Every Front : 70,000
Large, Showa Japan : 70,000 Koreans d. in war
Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two : 400,000 lost their lives as
a result of the war, incl. 60,000 laboring in Japan (p.111); 533,000 (p.143)
Netherlands
Military:
Eckhardt: 6,000
Small & Singer: 6,200
Compton's: 6,238
Info. Please : 6,500Britannica: 7,900
Clodfelter: 7,900, incl. 6,344 KIA
Keegan: 10,000
Urlanis: 12,000, incl. 6,200 in 1940 war
HarperCollins: 13,700
Ellis: 2,900 (1940), 10,800 (in exile)
Civilian:
Ellis: 150,000
Urlanis: 198,000
Eckhardt: 200,000
Clodfelter: 200,000
Britannica: 200,000
HarperCollins: 236,000
All (undifferentiated):
Keegan: 200,000
Messenger: 200,000 Philippines
Military:
Britannica: 27,000
Eckhardt: 27,000
Civilian:
Britannica: 91,000
Eckhardt: 91,000
Paterson, On Every Front : 120,000 died under occupation
Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness , p.144: 500,000
All
Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two : 527,000 (p.143) Romania
Military:
Compton's: 80,000
Encarta: 200,000
Small & Singer: 290,000 (w/Axis), 5,000 (w/Allies)
Britannica: 300,000 (fragmentary data)
Urlanis: 300,000
Davies: 300,000
Eckhardt: 340,000
Info. Please : 350,000 (against USSR; 169,822 against Germany)Ellis: 381,000 (w/Axis)
HarperCollins: 519,822
Civilian:
Britannica: 200,000
Urlanis: 200,000
Eckhardt: 300,000
HarperCollins: 465,000
Encarta: 465,000
All (undifferentiated):
Wallechinsky: 500,000
Messenger: 700,000 United Kingdom
Military:
Keegan: 244,000
Britannica: 264,443 (incl. missing)
Davies: 264,443
Small & Singer: 270,000
HarperCollins: 271,311
Urlanis: 290,000
Ellis: 305,800
Eckhardt: 350,000
Compton's: 353,652 (British Empire)
Info. Please : 357,116 (all causes)Clodfelter: 403,195 incl...
Civilian:
Keegan: 60,000 (bombing)
Urlanis: 60,000
HarperCollins: 60,595
Ellis: 60,600
Britannica: 92,673 (incl. 30,248 merchant mariners and 60,595 killed by
bombing)
Davies: 92,673
Clodfelter: 92,673
Eckhardt: 100,000
All (undifferentiated):
Messenger: 400,000
Wallechinsky: 495,000 United States of America
Military:
Keegan: 292,000
HarperCollins: 292,100
Britannica: 292,131 (not incl. 115,187 non-battle)
Compton's: 293,986
Urlanis: 300,000
Info. Please : 291,557 KIA + 113,842 other causes = 405,399DoD: 291,557 KIA + 113,842 other = 405,399
Ellis: 405,400
Encarta: 292,131 KIA + 115,187 other causes = 407,318
Wallechinsky: 292,131 KIA + 115,187 other = 407,318
Eckhardt: 408,000
Small & Singer: 408,300
Civilian:
Britannica: 6,000
U.S. Merchant Marine: 8,300 mariners killed at sea, at least 1,100 died
from wounds. Total killed estimated 9,300. [http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html ]
All (undifferentiated):
Level 3: more than 10,000 dead
Albania
Military:
Eckhardt: 20,000
Urlanis: 28,800 guerillas
Civilian:
All:
Australia
Military:
Keegan: 23,000
Britannica: 23,365 (incl. missing)
HarperCollins: 23,395
Info. Please : 26,976Ellis: 29,400
Small & Singer: 33,826
Eckhardt: 34,000
Clodfelter: 37,637 d. incl...
AWM: 39,366
Army: 26,097
RAN: 2,208
RAAF: 11,061
All:
Messenger: 29,000
Paterson, On Every Front : 30,000 Belgium
Military:
Ellis: 7,500 (1940), 500 (in exile)
Compton's: 7,760
Info. Please : 8,460HarperCollins: 9,561
Small & Singer: 9,600
Urlanis: 9,300 in 1940; 10,000 total
Britannica: 12,000
Clodfelter: 22,651 incl. 8,460 KIA
Eckhardt: 110,000
Civilian:
Ellis: 12,000
HarperCollins: 75,000
Clodfelter: 76,000
Urlanis: 76,000 (w/Lux.)
Britannica: 76,000
Eckhardt: 90,000
All:
British Far Eastern Colonies
Malaya and Singapore
Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness , p.144: 130,000
Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two : 100,000 (p.143)
All colonies
Bulgaria
Military:
Info. Please : 6,671Small & Singer: 9,000 (w/Axis), 1,000 (w/Allies)
Britannica: 10,000 (fragmentary data)
HarperCollins: 18,500
Eckhardt: 20,000
Urlanis: 25,000
w/Soviets: 7,000
Guerrillas: 15,000
Civilian:
HarperCollins: 1,500
Britannica: 10,000
Urlanis: 10,000
Eckhardt: 14,000
Ellis: 50,000
All:
Canada
Military:
Keegan: 37,000
Britannica: 37,476
Urlanis: 37,476 (KIA, officially)
Eckhardt: 39,000
Small & Singer: 39,300
Ellis: 39,300
HarperCollins: 39,319
Info. Please : 42,042Clodfelter: 42,666 d. incl...
Civilian:
Mariners: ca. 1,146 k., "along with 203 Newfoundlanders, who were not
yet Canadians." [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-71-1039-5834/conflict_war/canada_veterans/clip3 ]
All:
Finland
Military:
Small & Singer: 42,000 (1941-45)
Eckhardt: 45,000 (1941-45)
Compton's: 52,609
HarperCollins: 79,047
Info. Please : 79,047Britannica: 82,000
Clodfelter: 82,000 d. incl...
Urlanis: 84,000
Ellis: 24,900 (Winter War ), 65,000
(1941-45)
Civilian:
Britannica: 2,000
Clodfelter: 2,000
Ellis: 3,400
Eckhardt: 15,000
Urlanis: 16,000
All:
New Zealand
Military:
Keegan: 10,000
Britannica: 10,033 (incl. missing)
Urlanis: 10,033 (KIA, officially)
Info. Please : 11,625 (all causes)HarperCollins: 12,162
Clodfelter: 12,262 d. incl...
Eckhardt: 17,000
Small & Singer: 17,300
All:
Spain
Military:
HarperCollins: 4,500 (for Axis), 7,500 (for Allies)
Civilian:
HarperCollins: 10,000 (in concentration camps) Level 4: less than 10,000 dead
Brazil
Military:
Britannica: 943
Info. Please : 943HarperCollins: 943
Clodfelter: 943, incl. 492 naval
Small & Singer: 1,000
Eckhardt: 1,000
Civilian:
Clodfelter: 972 (merchant ships)
All:
Denmark
Military:
Britannica: 1,800
HarperCollins: 4,339
Info. Please : 4,339
Civilian:
Ellis: 1,000
Britannica: 2,000
All:
Ethiopia
Military:
Small & Singer: 5,000
Eckhardt: 5,000
Civilan:
Luxemburg Mongolia
Military:
Small & Singer: 3,000
Eckhardt: 3,000 Norway
Military (as Allies, unless otherwise noted):
Compton's: 1,000
Small & Singer: 2,000
Ellis: 2,000
Eckhardt: 2,000
Info. Please : 2,000Britannica: 3,000
Clodfelter: 3,000 incl. 1598 KIA
HarperCollins: 4,780
NWHA: 709 Norwegians k. while serving the German war cause [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page10.html ]
Civilian:
Ellis: 3,800
Britannica: 7,000
Clodfelter: 7,000
Eckhardt: 7,000
NWHA [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page10.html ]
"Germans had executed 366 [Norwegians] and tortured 39 to death. Among
political prisoners and members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433
abroad."
3,670 seamen d.
37 quislings executed after the war.
All:
Messenger: 10,000
NWHA: 10,262 [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page10.html ] South Africa
Military:
Info. Please : 2,473Keegan: 6,000
Britannica: 6,840
HarperCollins: 8,681
Clodfelter: 8,681 d. incl...
Small & Singer: 8,700
Ellis: 8,700
Eckhardt: 9,000
All:
Appendix A: Battle Deaths in Major WW2 Campaigns
(Includes missing, but not POWs. According to John Ellis, World War II
: a statistical survey (Facts on File, 1993) unless otherwise noted.)
Poland, 1939
Poles: 66,300
Germans: 13,110
[Soviets]: 900 ("Russians")
[TOTAL: ca. 80,000] Denmark/Norway, 1940
Ellis
Germans: 3,692
Norwegians: 2,000
Danes: -
[TOTAL: ca. 5,700]
NWHA [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page9.html ]
Norwegians: 850
British: 4,000
French and Poles: 530
Germans: 1,300
[TOTAL: 6,680]
France 1940
French: 120,000
Germans: 43,110
British: 11,010
Belgians: 7,500
Dutch: 2,890
Italians: 1,250
[TOTAL: ca. 185,000] Balkans , 1941
Yugoslavs: ?
Italians: 38,830
Greeks: 19,000
Germans: 3,674 (K+W ) [A total of 34,040 Germans were killed in the
Balkans to 31 Dec. 1944]
[TOTAL: ca. 160,000] Greece , 1940-41 (according to Gilbert, A History of
the 20th Century )
Italians: 13,755
Greeks: 15,700
Germans: 2,232
British: 3,712
[TOTAL: ca. 35,400] Eastern Front , 1941-45
Ellis
[Soviets]: 11,000,000 ("Russians")
Germans: 2,415,690 (K+M+POWs, incl. SS troops, to Dec. 1944. Another est.
is 1,001,680 killed + 1,287,140 missing = 2,288,820 in Field Army only, 22-June 1941-10 March
1945.)
Romanians: 381,000 (as Axis). 170,000 (as Allies)
Hungarians: 136,000
Poles: >40,000
Bulgarians: 32,000
[TOTAL: ca. 14,000,000]
Clodfelter
[Soviets]: 7.5M to 12.0M ("Russians")
Germans: 1,001,000 kia
Romanians: 300,000 d.
Hungarians: 200,000 d.
[TOTAL: ca. 11,251,000 ± 2,250,000] North African Desert , 1941-43
Ellis
Italians: 20,720
British: c. 7,000 in W. Desert + 6,230 in Tunisia
Germans: 12,810
Americans: 3,620
Australians: 3,150
French: 12,920 (all casualty types )
New Zealanders: 6,340 (incl. k. in Italy)
S. Africans: 2,100
Indians: 1,720
[TOTAL: 57,350, excl. French & New Z.]
Clodfelter
British Commonwealth: 35,476 KIA
Germans: 18,594
Italians: 13,748
[TOTAL: 67,818]
Italy , 1943-45
British: 89,440 (K+W )
Germans: 59,940 (KIA only, incl. SS troops, to Dec. 1944. Another est. is
46,800K + 208,240M = 255,040 in Field Army only, June 1941-10 April 1945.)
Americans: 29,560
French: 8,660
Canadians: 5,400
Indians: 4,720
Poles: 2,460
S. Africans: 710
Brazilians: 510
[TOTAL: ca. 125,000] China
Chinese: 3,211,420 (all casualty types )
Japanese: 388,600
[TOTAL: ca. 1,200,000]
Pacific, 1941-45
Ellis
Japanese: 685,230 Army & Marines + 414,880 Navy [=1,100,110]
Americans: 55,060 Army & Marines + 36,950 Navy [=92,010] [TOTAL: ca. 1,192,120]
Large, Showa Japan : US lost 100,997 kia in Pacific
NW Europe , 1944-45
Ellis
Germans: 128,030 (KIA only, incl. SS troops, to Dec. 1944. Another est.
is 80,820K + 490,260M = 571,080 in Field Army only, to April 1945.)
Americans: 109,820
British: 30,280
French: 12,590
Canadians: 10,740
Poles: 1,160
[TOTAL: 292,620]
Clodfelter
Allies: 186,900 KIA, incl. 135,576 USA
Germans: 263,000 combat d. + 56,000 died as POWs [incl. died of wounds]
[TOTAL: 505,900] SE Asia
Japanese: 210,830
Indians: 6,860
British: 5,670 (incl. POWs)
Americans: 3,650
Australians: 1,820
Africans: 860
[TOTAL: ca. 225,000]
Major Battles of WW2:
Appendix B: Holocaust Deaths by Nation
Total Jews killed from within pre-war borders.
Poland
Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War : 3,000,000 Jews kMessenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two :
3,000,000
Wiesenthal Center: 2,982,000 [http://motlc.wiesenthal.org/pages/t061/t06152.html ]
Davies, Europe: a history : 2,350,000-3,000,000
Johnson, Paul, Modern Times : 2,600,000
Kinder, The Anchor Atlas of World History : 2,350,000 USSR
Davies: 1,500,000-2,000,000 Jews k
Messenger: 1,000,000
Wiesenthal Center: 1,000,000 [http://motlc.wiesenthal.org/text/x30/xm3081.html ]
Harper Collins: 1,000,000
Johnson: 750,000
Kinder: 700,000 Romania
Johnson: 750,000 Jews k
Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two :
470,000
Historical Atlas of the Holocaust : 350,000+Davies: 200,000-300,000
Kinder: 200,000
Harper Collins: 40,000 Hungary
Johnson: 402,000 Jews k
Davies: 200,000-300,000
Harper Collins: 200,000
Messenger: 200,000
Kinder: 180,000 Czecholslovakia
Johnson: 277,000 Jews k
Harper Collins: 277,000
Kinder: 233,000
Messenger: 200,000
Davies: 90,000-95,000 Germany
Davies: 218,000-240,000 Jews k (with Austria)
Johnson: 180,000
Messenger: 160,000
Kinder: 160,000
Harper Collins: 160,000 Lithuania
Messenger: 140,000 Jews k
Harper Collins: 135,000
Johnson: 104,000 Netherlands
Davies: 104,000-110,000 Jews k
Johnson: 106,000
Messenger: 105,000
Kinder: 104,000 France
Johnson: 83,000 Jews k
Harper Collins: 83,000
Davies: 60,000-65,000
Kinder: 60,000
Messenger: 8,000 [sic] Latvia
Messenger: 80,000 Jews k
Johnson: 70,000
Harper Collins: 8,000 Austria
Messenger: 70,000 Jews k
Johnson: 65,000
Harper Collins: 65,000
Kinder: 58,000 Greece
Harper Collins: 71,301 Jews k
Messenger: 67,000
Johnson: 65,000
Davies: 57,000-60,000 Yugoslavia
Messenger: 60,000 Jews k
Harper Collins: 60,000
Johnson: 60,000
Davies: 55,000-60,000
Kinder: 57,000 Bulgaria
Harper Collins: 48,000 Jews k
Messenger: 48,000
Johnson: 40,000 Belgium
Johnson: 28,000 Jews k
Davies: 25,000-28,000
Messenger: 25,000
Kinder: 25,000
Harper Collins: 24,387 Italy
Davies: 8,500-9,500 Jews k
Johnson: 9,000
Kinder: 8,500
Messenger: 8,000
Harper Collins: 8,000 Luxembourg
Davies: 2,800-3,000 Jews k
Messenger: 1,200
Harper Collins: 700 Norway
Davies: 700-1,000 Jews k
Harper Collins: 728
Kinder: 700 Denmark
Messenger: 2,000 Jews k
Davies: < 100
Harper Collins: 77 TOTAL:
AWM: Australian War Memorial Fact Sheet [http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/war_casualties.asp ]
Britannica: Encyclopaedia Britannica , 15th edition, 1992 printing.
"Killed, died of wounds, or in prison .... exclud[ing] those who died of
natural causes or were suicides."
Clodfelter, Michael: Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical
Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618-1991
Davies, Norman, Europe A History (1998) same as Britannica's war
dead in most cases.
Eckhardt, William: a 3-page table of his war statistics printed in World
Military and Social Expenditures 1987-88 (12th ed., 1987) by Ruth Leger
Sivard. "Deaths", including "massacres, political violence, and
famines associated with the conflicts."
Ellis John, World War II : a statistical survey (Facts on File,
1993) "killed and missing" unless otherwise noted.
Gruhl, Werner, Imperial Japan's World War Two , 1931-1945
The Guardian [London] 30 Apr. 1994 (wires 2 May 94), citing J.
Erickson and Helmut TrotnowHarper Collins Atlas of the Second World War , John Keegan, ed.,
(1997)US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust
(1995)
Hochschild, Adam, The Unquiet Ghost: Russians Remember Stalin
(Penguin, 1994)
Information Please Almanac (1991 edition): "battle deaths"
unless otherwise noted.Johnson, Paul, Modern Times
Keegan, John, The Second World War (1989)
Kinder, The Anchor Atlas of World History (1978)
Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two
(Macmillan, 1989)
Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (1998)
Paterson, Thomas G., On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the
Cold War , p 11, (1992)
Shabad, Steven, World Press Review v42n7 (Jul 1995)
Small, Melvin & Singer, Joel David, Resort to Arms : International
and Civil Wars 1816-1965 (1982): battle deaths.
Haruo Tohmatsu, H. P. Willmott, A Gathering Darkness: The Coming of War
to the Far East and the Pacific , p.144
Urlanis, Boris, Wars and Population (1971)
Wallechinsky, David, Twentieth Century / History With the Boring Parts
Left Out (1995)
to Table of Contents
Last updated Feb. 2005
Copyright © 1999-2005 Matthew White
