ืฉืœื•ื ื›ืชื‘ (1931)

ุดุงู„ูˆู… ุงู„ูƒุงุชุจ

Shalom Katav

ืฉืœื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1931. ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ "ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื" ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16 ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืคืจืกืžื ืžืขืœ ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืœื”ื‘ ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ืขืจื’ื” ื•ื›ืกื•ืคื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื• ืงืจื ืœื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืคืจื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืžื”. ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช , "ืžื•ื•ืื›ื‘ ืืœื—ึดืจืžืืŸ" (ู…ูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุญุฑู…ุงู†; "ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ"), ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1949, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ืŸ 18. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ืจื "ืืœ-ืžื”ื’'ืจ" ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ื—'ืœื™ืœ ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื—ื ืš. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืžืฉืจืช ืžืคืงื— ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1969ึพ1972 ื™ืฆื ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืจืคืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 (ูˆุดูˆุดุงุช ุงู„ูุฌุฑ; ื•ืฉื•ื•ืฉืืช ืืœืคื’'ืจ - ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื—ืจ). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืืœ-ืžื’'ืชืžืข" ื•"ืืœ-ืคื’'ืจ", ื•ื‘ื”ื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืคืจืกื ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1959 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” "ืืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”" ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ื ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื• ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 65 ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืืช "ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ". ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ืœื ืจืฉ ืžืื“" ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972. ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื "ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง" (1973), "ืขืช ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ืžืื•ืจื•ืช : ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื—ืช" (1978), "ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืจืขื” ื–ื”ืจ" (1984), "ืื•ืจ ืฆืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”" (1985) ื•"ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ื ืจ" (1986). ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื, ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื”ืคืจื”ื•ื“, ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง. ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ืืœื™ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ืฆืขืจ ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื™ืจืช ืื”ื‘ื”, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืขืช ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ืžืื•ืจื•ืช" (1978) ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืคืœื™ื™ืชื.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ู…ูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุญุฑู…ุงู† : ุดุนุฑ ู…ู†ุซูˆุฑ / ุณุงู„ู… ุงู„ูƒุงุชุจ โ€ฌ (ุจูŠุฑูˆุช : ู…ุทุงุจุน ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุดุงูุŒ ูกูฉูคูฉ)
  • ืœื ืจืฉ ืžืื“ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืœ"ื‘ 1972) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืœ"ื“ 1973)
  • ืขืช ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ืžืื•ืจื•ืช : ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื—ืช (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ื–ื”ืจื™ื, ืชืฉืœ"ื— 1978)
  • ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื›ืชื‘ : ืžืชื•ืš : 'ืœื ืจืฉ ืžืื“' ื• 'ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจื™ื' (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉ"ื 1980) <ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื - ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืจืง>
  • ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืจืขื” ื–ื”ืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ื–ื”ืจื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื“)
  • ืื•ืจืฆืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ื–ื”ืจื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื•)
  • ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ื ืจ (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ื–ื”ืจื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื–) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ื•ืœื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื—ื ื•ืš ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช --- : ืคื•ืืžื” (ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ื–ื”ืจื™ื, ื”ืชืฉื "ื•)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ื™, ื™ืคื”. ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื›ืชื‘. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื. (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—, ืชืฉืž"ื), ืขืž' 37ึพ65.
ืขืœ "ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ืžืื•ืจื•ืช"
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ