ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจ-ืืจื™ื” (1934)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yehuda Gur-Arie

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจ-ืืจื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ื‘-1934. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืœืžื—ื ื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืจื•ืžื ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื˜ืจื ืกื ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ื•ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื›ื ืขืจ ื‘-1950. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืดืžืขืจื™ื‘ืด, ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ื‘-1992. ืขื•ืจืš ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื™ื“, ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืคืจื•ื–ื” (ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื) ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ืžืชืจื’ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช: ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช. ืชื™ืจื’ื ืขื“ ื›ื” ื›-35 ืกืคืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›-120 ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™-ืขืช. ืžืคืจืกื ืžืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื’ื•ืจ-ืืจื™ื” ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืฉึธื‚ืจึทืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉื ืดื”โ€“1995, ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืขืดืฉ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ, ื‘ืชืฉืกืดื‘โ€“2002. ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ืขืดืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2006, ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจ-ืืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ื’ืจื ื•ืชยน, ื’ืจื ื•ืชยฒ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื–ืขืจื•ืจื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื›ืœืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื• 1966)
  • ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978)
  • ืชืขืœื•ืœื™ ื˜ืœื™ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื’ 1983) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืืœืžืœื™ื—>
  • ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืžืดื— 1988)
  • ืžืฆื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉื ืดื“ 1994)
  • ืจื™ื— ืื•ืจื ื™ื : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉื ืดื˜ 1998)
  • ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืคืจืคืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื• 2006)
  • ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืช : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืขืดื 2011)
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉืžื” / ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืงืจืŸ ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช, ืชืฉืžืดื 1981)
  • ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื / ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื“ 1983)
  • ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืกืชื / ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืจืœื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื ืดื‘ 1992)
  • ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉืžื” ; ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื / ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1992)
  • ื‘ืชื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืืช--- / ืžืจื™ื ื™ื”ื‘ (ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข : ืžืจื™ื ื™ื”ื‘, 1992) <ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืจื–ื™ื” ื™ืจื—ื™>
  • ื”ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืฆืขื™ืฃ ืคืจื—ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืงื• ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, 1993) <ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืžื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ื’ื ืื˜ื•ื‘>
  • ื”ืขืžืง ื”ืฆื•ื ืŸ / ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืงืกืœืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืชืžื•ื–, ืชืฉื ืดื” 1995) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื” ื•ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™>
  • ื”ืœื™ื ื” / ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื•ืืจื–ืื’ืขืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉื ืดื• 1996)
  • ืงืกื ืœื‘ืŸ / ืœื•ื™ื–ื” ืงืจื•ืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืฉื ืดื– 1997) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื> <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ - ืื ื“ืจื™ ืคื™ืฉื”ื•ืฃ ; ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืœื•ืฆืณื™ื” ื–ื™ืœื‘ืžืŸ>
  • ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื : ืžื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ ื•ืขื“ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ / ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืงืกืœืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืจืฉืคื™ื, ืชืฉื ืดื– 1997)
  • ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืคืจื•ืžื•ืฉื™ืงื” : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ / ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื™ื•ืกื˜ืจ (ื‘ื•ืงืจืฉื˜ : ืคืจืกื•ื ื”, 1997)
  • ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™? : ื“ืจื›ื™ ืืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” / ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจื•ื–ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืกืดื‘ 2001)
  • ืฉื˜ืŸ / ืœ.ื . ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, 2003)
  • ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื / ืขืจื›ื• ืฆื‘ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื•ืจื™ื ื” ืœื•ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸ (ืœื•ื“ : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉืกืดื’ 2003)
  • ื“ืคื™ื ื’ื ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ / ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจื’ืจ (ืชืžื™ืจ) ืžืœื™ืคืงืื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, 2004) <ืขืจื›ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื“ืคื ื” ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจ-ืืจื™ื” ; ืชื™ืจื’ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจ-ืืจื™ื”>
  • ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื•ืš : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื›ื™ืก ืกื˜ื™ืจื™ื™ื / ื’. ืžื•ืกืจื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืขืจ, ืชืฉืกืดื• 2006) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืื ื“ืจื™ ืคื™ืฉื•ืฃ>
  • ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช : ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืžืื ื’ืจ - ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืœื“ื” / ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœื‘ืœืื˜ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื˜ 2009)
  • ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื / ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื“ื– (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2010)
  • ื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืจ / ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœื‘ืœื˜ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืฉื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจื”, ืชืฉืขืดื 2011)
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
  • ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืื— ื•ื”ืื—ื•ืช / ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืฉืœืดื’)
  • ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื™ืจื•ืง : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช / ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืื ื“ืจื™ ืคื™ืฉื”ื•ืฃ ; ืขื•ืจืš: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจ-ืืจื™ื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืชืฉื ืดื” 1995)
  • ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœืื” / ืฉืจื” ื‘ืŸ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ(ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืกืดื” 2005)
  • ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื•ืฆืงื” / ืขื“ื” (ื ืก) ื—ืจืžื•ื ื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืกืดื• 2006) <ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื - ื™ืื™ืจ ื—ืจืžื•ื ื™>
  • ืฉื‘ืข ืืžื”ื•ืช / ืœืื” ื’ืจืคื™ื ืงืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืง ืคืืจืœืื’ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 2007)
  • ืืœื” ืžืกืขื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืกื : ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ืจืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ / ืžืืช ืจืžื™ ื‘ืŸ-ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืกืดื– 2007)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
ืขืœ ืดืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅืด
ืขืœ ืดืžืฆื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื”ืด
  • ื ืชื ื–ื•ืŸ, ืžืœื›ื”. ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืืคืœื”.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื—, ื’ืœืณ 7โ€“8 (ืื™ื™ืจ-ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื“, ืืคืจื™ืœ-ืžืื™ 1994), ืขืžืณ 93โ€“94.
ืขืœ ืดืฉืœื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืชืด
ืขืœ ืดื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืกืชืืด ืœื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืจืœื”
  • ื‘ืœืื˜, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืจืœื”.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื—, ื’ืœืณ 9โ€“10 (ืชืžื•ื–-ืื‘ ืชืฉื ืดื“, ื™ื•ื ื™-ื™ื•ืœื™ 1994), ืขืžืณ 77โ€“79.
  • ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ.  ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืกืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืจืœื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื”. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื’ืณ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื’, 30 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1992, ืขืžืณ ื‘-8  <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช (ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2006), ืขืžืณ 374โ€“379>
ืขืœ ืดื”ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืฆืขื™ืฃ ืคืจื—ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸืด
  • ื›ื”ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘. ื”ื™ื™ืงื• ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืคื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœืณ  (ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื“, 27 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1993), ืขืžืณ   <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืงืจื•ื? : ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื’ 2003), ืขืžืณ 27โ€“30>
ืขืœ ืดื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืจืด ืœืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœื‘ืœื˜
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 22 ื‘ืžืื™ 2019

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ