ืื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื (1929โ€“1983)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Uri Shoham

ืื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืณ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘ืณ ื”ืชืจืคืดื˜, 22 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1929 ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื (ืคืจืœื•ื‘) ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื™ื“ ืคื™ื ืกืง ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื (ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœืžืŸ) ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืžืŸ. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื‘ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ. ืื•ืจื™ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืจืžืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ (ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืš) ื‘ื’ื‘ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1947 ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ 89 ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื’'ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ื ื” "ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•" ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 8, ืฉืžืคืงื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื“ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืจืžืœื”-ืœื•ื“ ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ืขื™ืจืง-ืกื•ื™ื“ืืŸ (ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ืื‘). ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืื•"ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื‘ื”ื’"ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948 ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืกืœืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953 ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื™ืคืขืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื“ื’ื ื™ื” ื‘', ืฉื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื” ืœื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืจื—. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื›ืคืจ ื’ืœื™ื (ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื™ ืœื™ื“ ื—ื™ืคื”), ืฉื ื’ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชื "ืš, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื—ื ืš. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืคืจ ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžืงืจื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื” (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”). ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ (1971) ื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ (1978). ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืขืกืงื• ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื”ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกืื™ื™ื, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื‘ืžื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช. ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืฉืœื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืคืจืก ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื• "ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื™ ืงื•ืจื ืณืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืณืด. ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืงืจื•, ืœื™ืžื“ ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืื•ืจื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื’ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืคืจืกื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ (ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืงื™ืฅ) ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978 ื—ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืžืดื“, 16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1983 ื ืคื˜ืจ. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืชื•ืืจ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.
[ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืื—ื™ื•, ืคืจื•ืคืณ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื]
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• : ืื™ื“ืืœ, ืื™ื“ืื” ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘"ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ" ืœื™.ื—. ื‘ืจื ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืœ"ื‘ 1971) <ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—"--ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘>
  • ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1978) <ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”"--ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1978>
  • ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืช : ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืœ ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคืืจืืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™: ืืจื˜ืจ, ืžื ื“ืœื™, ืคืจืฅ, ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืืณ ืžื’ื“, ืืดื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืฅ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืž"ื‘ 1982)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื™ื:
  • ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืงื™ืฅ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, (ืชืฉืž"ื“ 1983) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก - ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืž"ื• 1986) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” - ื—ื ื” ื“ื•ื“>
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื™ื

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืขืจืš ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ; ื‘ืกื™ื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ, ืชืฉ"ืœ)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
  • ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืืžืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืดืจ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื–ืดืœ.  ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช : ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ, ืขื•ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืžืดื• 1986), ืขืžืณ 325โ€“326.
ืขืœ "ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืงื™ืฅ" ืขืœ "ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ"
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2018

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ