ื™ืฆื—ืง ื˜ื™ืฉืœืจ (1929โ€“2020)

Yitzhak Tishler

    ื™ืฆื—ืง ื˜ื™ืฉืœืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืดื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจืคืดื˜, 25 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1929. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืชื” ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืคืจืฉ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืคืœืžืดื— ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื™ื’ื•ืจ/ืžืขื•ื–. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืคืœื™ืดื ื•ื‘ืคืœื•ื’ื” ื“ืณ. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื™ืคืชื— ื›ืกื™ื™ืจ ื•ื›ืื™ืฉ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฆื”ืดืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžื•ืŸ ืดืœืžืจื—ื‘ืด ื•ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืดื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืชืด. ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืดืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ืืด ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ืดื”ืคื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืšืด ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื‘ืณ. ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืขืกืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ (ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ืžื™ื, ืขืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื”) ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช.  ืชืจื’ื ื•ืขืจืš ืžืื•ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ืžืจื“ ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ื, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
ื™ืฆื—ืง ื˜ื™ืฉืœืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื˜ืดื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืคืดื, 30 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”] 

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื 1970) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื ืดื’, 1993>
  • ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืชืžื›ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืžืดื— 1988)
  • ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื’ื‘ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงืจืŸ ื’ืณื ืกื™ืก ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื ื’ื‘, 1989) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื’ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ>
  • ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ืœื–ืงื ื™ื : ืžื“ืจื™ืš (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืืฉืœ - ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1996)
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
  • ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืคื” - ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช, ืชืฉืœืดื 1970)
  • ืขืœ ืขืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ืขืชื•ื ืื•ืช : ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื™ืณ ื˜ืœ, ืชืฉืœืดื•) <ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช>
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช / ืืจื™ืง ืจื•ืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื›ืดื•)
  • ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ื™ื / ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืžืณ ื‘ืœืื•, ืจื™ืฆืณืืจื“ ื•ืณ ืกืงื•ื˜ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•: ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืžื™ื ื”ืœ, ืชืฉื›ืดื–)
  • ืžืจื“ ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ื / ืœื•ืื™ืก ื™ืณ ืœื•ืžืืงืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื›ืดื–)
  • ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช : ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” / ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืืณ ืœื–ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ืชืฉื ืดื˜ 1999)
  • ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืงื•ืžื™ : ื”ืงื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื™ืœืช / ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืœื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืคืœื•ืจืกื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, 2000)
  • ืžืขืฉื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช / ื‘ืจืœ ืœื ื’ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืดืฉ ื™ืดืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉืดืก)
  • ืžืฉื‘ืจ : ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื / ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’ืณืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฉืœื, ืชืฉืกืดื” 2004)
  • ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื›ืกืฃ / ื’ืณื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืจื“ ืงื™ื™ื ืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืดืฉ ื™ืดืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืกืดื– 2006)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ ืดืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ืกืด
  • ืื‘ื™ืฉื™, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ [ืื‘ื™-ืฉืœืžื”, ืžืจื“ื›ื™]. ื˜ื™ืฉืœืจ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื”. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื ืดื’, 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1993, ืขืžืณ 21.
  • ื‘ืจื•ืงืก, ืืœื™. ืดืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ืกืด. ืœืื™ืฉื”, ื’ืœืณ 2399 (4 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1993), ืขืžืณ 101.
  • ื•ื™ืก, ื”ืœืœ.  ืดืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ืกืด.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืœื•ื—ื : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืœืดื” 1975), ืขืžืณ 193โ€“209.
ืขืœ ืดืžืจื“ ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ืืด ืœืœื•ืื™ืก ื™ืณ ืœื•ืžืืงืก
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

Wikidata โ€“ Q16132207 J9U โ€“ 987007310886605171 NLI โ€“ 000272941 LC โ€“ no92031167 VIAF โ€“ 9641607 โ€ข 306145780 โ€ข 220180469
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 25 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2022

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ